<p>West Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is a 19th-century residential neighborhood within walking distance of the central business district and Lake Erie. It is one of Buffalos oldest and most intact residential areas, having been developed on the site of the estate of the citys first mayor Ebenezer Johnson and South Village of Black Rock. It contains 102 structures built between 1854 and 1914, most of which are detached single-family dwellings, with about a dozen apartment buildings. The district reflects architectural styles of the late 19th century including the Second Empire, Gothic Revival, and Italianate style. Included in the district is Johnson Park, redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted about 1876, and Hutchinson Central Technical High School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Krkonoše , Karkonosze  or Giant Mountains, Riesengebirge; Silesian German: Riesageberge) are a mountain range located in the north of the Czech Republic and the south-west of Poland, part of the Sudetes mountain system . The Czech-Polish border, which divides the historic regions of Bohemia and Silesia, runs along the main ridge. The highest peak, Sněžka , is the Czech Republic&#39;s highest point with an elevation of 1,603 m.</p><br>
<p>On both sides of the border, large areas of the mountains are designated national parks (the Krkonoše National Park in the Czech Republic and the Karkonosze National Park in Poland), and these together constitute a cross-border biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The source of the River Elbe is within the Krkonoše. The range has a number of major ski resorts, and is a popular destination for tourists engaging in downhill and cross-country skiing, hiking, cycling and other activities.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>The Czech name "Krkonoše" is first mentioned (in the singular, as "Krkonoš") in a 1492 record of the division of the Manor of Štěpanice into two parts. The first map occurrence of the name dates back to 1518, when Mikuláš Klaudyán referred to the mountains as "Krkonoss". The origin of the name is usually interpreted as a compound of "krk" or "krak" – an Old Slavonic word for Krummholz (a reference to the local vegetation) – and "noš" – derived from "nosit" (to carry). Alternative linguistic theories mention a connection with the pre-Indo-European word Corconti, which is first listed by Ptolemy and refers to a pre-Celtic or Germanic people.</p><br>
<p>In Simon Hüttels chronicle of Trautenau (Trutnov) from 1549 the names Hrisenpergisches Gebirge, Hrisengepirge, Hrisengebirge, Risengepirge appeared for the first time, but in the following centuries several other names were still used too. Martin Helwigs map of Silesia mentions Riſenberg (Risenberg).</p><br>
<p>In 1380, Přibík Pulkava called the mountains the Sněžné hory (Snowy Mountains). The Czech writer Bohuslav Balbín recorded in 1679 that the mountains were known under various names: Krkonoše (Cerconossios), Rhipaeos Montes, Obrovski Mountains, Snow Mountains or Riesen Gebirge.</p><br>
<p>The modern names of Krkonoše (Czech), Riesengebirge (German) and Karkonosze (Polish) became widely accepted only in the 19th century. The range is also often referred to in English as the "Giant Mountains".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The area of the Krkonoše amounts to 631 km², 454 km² within the Czech Republic and 177 km² in Poland.</p><br>
<p>The main ridge of the mountains runs from east to west and forms the border between these two countries. Its highest peak, Sněžka-Śnieżka, is the highest peak of the Czech Republic. The Silesian northern part, in Poland, drops steeply to the Jelenia Góra valley, whereas the southern Czech part slopes gently to the Bohemian basin. In the north-easterly direction the Krkonoše continue to Rudawy Janowickie, and in the south-east to Rýchory. The pass Novosvětský průsmyk (Polish:Przełęcz Szklarska) at Jakuszyce forms the western border with the Jizera Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The ridges are divided by the rivers Elbe, Mumlava, Bílé Labe, Velka Úpa, Malá Úpa and Jizera, which originates in the Jizera mountains. The rivers on the Czech side often fall over steep edges into valleys formed by ice-age glaciers. The largest waterfalls on the southern side of the mountains are the Labský vodopád with a height of 50 m, Pančavský waterfall (140 m, the highest waterfall in the Czech Republic), Horní Úpský waterfall, Dolní Úpský waterfall and Mumlavský waterfall (10 m). The most important rivers on the Polish side are Kamienna, Łomnica and Bóbr (Bober). They also form impressive waterfalls, such as Wodospad Kamieńczyka (27 m), Wodospad Szklarki (13.5 m Wodospad na Łomnicy (10 m) or Wodospad Podgórnej (10 m).</p><br>
<p>The main ridge of the Krkonoše forms the watershed between the North Sea and the Baltic. The rivers on the south side drain into the North Sea, those on the north side into the Baltic.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The river valleys and lower layers form the sub-montane zone. The aboriginal hardwood and mixed forests are largely replaced with spruce monocultures. Only the river valleys offer remnants of hardwood forests.</p><br>
<p>The higher parts form the montane vegetation zone. Their natural coniferous forests have also in large parts been replaced by spruce monocultures, which are often heavily damaged due to air pollution and soil acidification. In many places, the forest is dead. This is due to the geographic location in the Black Triangle, a region around the German-Polish-Czech border triangle with many coal-burning power plants. The sulfur dioxide emissions, which are mainly responsible for acid rain, and the emission of many other concentrations have been greatly reduced since the beginning of the 1990s, but the forest die-back, which started in the 1970s and culminated in the late 1980s, could not be stopped entirely.</p><br>
<p>The clearing of forests in the surroundings of mountain huts created species-rich mountain meadows, which were maintained in alpine pasture farming. After the expulsion of Germans in 1945, this type of management largely came to a standstill and the mountain meadows were largely abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Above the timber line at about 1250 to 1350 m is the subalpine vegetation zone, which is marked by knee timber, mat-grass meadows and subarctic high moors. This habitat of special importance in the Krkonoše is a relic of Arctic tundra, which was typical in Central Europe during the ice age. At the same time, however, there was a connection to the alpine grasslands of the Alps, and plant species coexist here which are otherwise separated by several thousand kilometers, such as cloudberries. Some species evolved under the specific conditions of the Krkonoše unlike in the Alps or in the tundra, especially in Śnieżne Kotły. They are endemic, which means they only appear here.</p><br>
<p>The alpine vegetation zone, with large rocky deserts, can only be found on the highest peaks (Sněžka, Luční hora, Studniční hora, Kotel and Szrenica). Only grass, moss and lichen survive here.</p><br>
<p>Especially species-rich are the cirque glaciers such as the Obří důl, Labský důl and Důl Bílého Labe on the south side and the dramatic Śnieżne Kotły, Kocioł Łomniczki and the calderas of mountain lakes Wielki Staw and Mały Staw on the north side of the main ridge. The species-richest areas are called zahrádka ("garden"). There are about 15 in Krkonoše, for example Čertova zahrádka und Krakonošova zahrádka.</p><br>
<h2>Nature protection</h2><br>
<p>On both the Czech and Polish side, large parts of the mountain range are protected as national parks and nature reserves.</p><br>
<p>The Czech Krkonoše National Park (Krkonošský národní park, KRNAP) was created in 1963 as the second national park in Czechoslovakia, making it the oldest national park in the Czech Republic. Its area is approximately 370 km&sup2, including not only the subalpine zone but also large parts down to the foot of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>Poland&#39;s Karkonosze National Park (Karkonoski Park Narodowy, KPN) was created in 1959 and covers an area of 55.8 km&sup2;. It covers the highly sensitive higher parts of the mountain range from an altitude of about 900 to 1000 m and some special nature reserves below this zone.</p><br>
<p>The strict conservation regulations of the Polish national park prohibit reforestation of damaged and dead forests. On the Czech side, however, large-scale reforestation projects are common.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the Krkonoše is marked by frequent weather changes. The winters are cold and snow depths above 3 m are not uncommon. Many parts of the mountains are covered with snow for five or six months. There is often dense fog at the higher altitudes. On average, mount Sněžka/Śnieżka is at least partly hidden in fog and/or clouds on 296 days, and has an average of about 0.2 °C, which is similar to places much further north, like Iceland. The main ridge is one of the most wind-exposed areas of Europe. On the northern side the Foehn wind is a frequent meteorological phenomenon. The annual precipitation ranges from about 700 mm at the foot of the mountains up to 1,230 mm on mount Sněžka/Śnieżka. The highest precipitation, at 1,512 mm, is reached in the snow pits in the valleys at the foot of the main ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Colonization</h2><br>
<p>Until the Middle Ages the mountain range and its foothills were unpopulated, with deep, impenetrable forests. The first traces of human settlements probably appeared in the Duchy of Bohemia near two provincial paths between Bohemia and Silesia in the 12th century.</p><br>
<p>The first wave of colonization by Slavonic settlers goes back to the 13th century in the Kingdom of Bohemia, but only includes the foothills; the mountain ridges were still unpopulated. The second wave of colonization of the foothills in the late 13th century was mostly by German settlers (Ostsiedlung); they first colonized the Silesian northern part, where farming conditions were better, and later the southern Bohemian part along the Elbe and Úpa rivers. Many agricultural settlements, markets and handcraft communities and cities were founded at that time, and they formed a base for the further colonization of the mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The first people who explored the inner parts of the Krkonoše were treasure hunters and miners looking for gold, silver, ores and valuable stones, mainly on the Silesian side. In the 14th and 15th centuries foreigners who spoke a non-German language came to the mountains. They were called "Wallen" (see Walha), and their journeys to the "treasure" deposits were recorded in so-called "Wallenbüchern" (Wallen books). Mysterious orientation signs from these "Wallen" are visible to this day, especially on the northern side of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 16th century (1511) German miners from the region around Meissen in Saxony started working in Obří Důl, directly below mount Sněžka/Snìežka, and at the same time many other mines were opened in other central parts of the mountains, like Svatý Petr (Saint Peter), now part of Špindlerův Mlýn (Spindlermühle).</p><br>
<p>In the 1530s, Christopher von Gendorf, a Carinthian aristocrat and royal senior captain of King Ferdinand I, appeared in the Krkonoše and obtained the entire dominion of Vrchlabí (Hohenelbe, High Elbe). His enterprising spirit was crucial for the further development of the area. For the supplement of the miners he founded many smaller towns in higher parts of the mountains. Further down in the valleys iron work furnaces were built, and water wheels provided the energy required. Due to the intensive economic activity the first deforested enclaves on hillsides and on the peaks appeared during this period.</p><br>
<p>By order of Christopher von Gendorf, widespread timber cutting for the silver mine in Kutná Hora started in many places, which caused irreparable damage. These orders led to the third wave of colonization, which fully affected the mountain ridges. In 1566 he invited lumberjacks from Alpine countries to settle in his domain. These people from Tyrol, Carinthia and Styria changed the character of the mountains and shaped the cultural landscape significantly. Hundreds of families, especially from the Tyrol region, created another group of inhabitants who spoke a different German dialect and brought another domestic culture to the Krkonoše. On the mountain hillsides they founded new settlements, laid down the basis for later farming by breeding cattle and built wooden dams to retain the water. By the 17th century the entire mountain range was a densely populated region with meadow enclaves and cottages (called Bauden), which were used during the cattle pasturage in the summer and sometimes even through the winter. Around the same time Albrecht von Wallenstein acquired parts of the mountains, and the town of Vrchlabí (Hohenelbe) served as a base for armament of his army. During that time non-Catholics found refuge in remote places in the mountains. Later entire village communities of non-Catholics from Austrian countries found asylum on the northern side, now Prussian, where they settled in Marysin, Michalovice, Jagnietkow or Karpacz (Krummhübel).</p><br>
<p>During the 17th century the mountain range on the Bohemian side was divided among new landowners, most of them Catholics and foreign to the region. These included the families of Harrach, Morzin and de Waggi. Disputes about the borders of each domain soon followed, but were settled between 1790 and 1810. The court decision of 1790, which set the border between the Bohemian dominions and the Silesian Schaffgotsch dominions (which had owned this region since the Middle Ages), defines the border between Bohemia and Silesia to this day.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 the Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, and in the following years there was an influx of Czechs on the Bohemian side of the mountains. Usually these people worked for the government (in contrast to the German inhabitants they spoke both Czech and German, which was required), but some of them also worked in the tourism industry and managed mountain huts like Labská bouda (German: Elbfallbaude) and Vosecká bouda (German: Wosseckerbaude). Many of these mountain huts had previously been owned by aristocratic landowners, but were given to the Czech Hikers Club (KCT) after the Land Control Act. This influx was stopped when the Czechoslovakian side of the mountains was occupied by Germany in 1938, and many of these Czechs left the region or were expelled.</p><br>
<p>After World War II almost the entire German population was expelled, and replaced by Poles on the northern Silesian side and by Czechs on the southern Bohemian side of the mountain range. Today the population density of the area of the national park is two-thirds lower than before World War II, as it is a protected area, and many houses are only used at weekends, for recreational purposes. The population exchange also led to a decline of the cultural landscape. In large parts of the mountains the meadows ran to seed, settlements deracinated, hundreds of traditional houses and mountain huts decayed or turned into architecturally worthless objects and countless memorials, chapels, shrines, landmarks and springs were destroyed, because they were either German-related or ecclesiastic.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts and rock formations</h2><br>
<p>Typical for the Krkonoše are its numerous mountain huts, which are called bouda in Czech and Baude in German. Both names are derived from the Middle High German word Buode, which means booth or building. The Polish name is schronisko. These were mostly named either for the location or for their constructor or occupant. The occupants, however, often changed after the expulsion, and several mountain huts especially on the now Polish side received new names. Entire colonies of mountain huts were called after the families who lived there. They are located in the higher parts or the ridge of the Krkonoše and were used by shepherds as wooden refuges in the summer. After 1800, some of the mountain huts became interesting for the first hikers, and towards the end of the 19th century many were converted into hostels. Later, these huts were often expanded to host a larger number of guests. Well-known historical mountain huts include Luční bouda (Wiesenbaude), Martinova bouda (Martinsbaude) and Vosecká bouda(Wosseckerbaude) in the Czech Republic and Schronisko Strzecha Akademicka (Hampelbaude), Schronisko Samotnia (Teichbaude) and Schronisko na Hali Szrenickiej (Neue Schlesische Baude) in Poland. In other places, the old mountain huts were replaced by newer buildings which were specially built for tourism purposes. Huts from the 20th century include Petrova bouda (Peterbaude) and the hut on the summit of mount Sněžka/Śnieżka.</p><br>
<p>There are also many impressive rock formations, such as Dívčí kameny-Śląskie Kamienie and Mužské kameny-Czeskie Kamienie, above 1,400 m on the main ridge, Harrachovy kameny on the Czech side, and Pielgrzymy and Słonecznik in Poland. These weathered blocks of granite form high towers which often resemble humans or animals, and reach heights up to 30 m. Similar formations can be found in other parts of the Sudetes.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Krkonoše form one of the most traditional tourist areas in Central Europe. As early as the 18th and 19th centuries, ascents of the Schneekoppe (Sněžka) were common, for instance by Theodor Körner and Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Gustav Carus hiked through the mountains to find inspiration. At the end of the 19th century two mountain clubs were founded, the German Riesengebirgsverein (Giant Mountains Club) on the Silesian side and the Austrian Riesengebirgsverein on the Bohemian side. The touristic development of the Krkonoše was one of their goals, and this primarily meant the construction of hiking trails. In the following years they created a network of 3,000 km, with 500 km on the Silesian (main) and Bohemian ridge alone.</p><br>
<p>As a result, the mountains became one of the most popular vacation areas in the German Empire. During the Gründerzeit (19th century period of industrial and economic growth) many manufacturers from Berlin built numerous holiday villas on the Silesian side, many of which are preserved to this day and provide a special flair, as in Szklarska Poręba (formerly Schreiberhau). Direct rail links to Schreiberhau from Berlin, Breslau, Stettin and Dresden, and later even Deutsche Luft Hansa air links via Hirschberg, enabled a convenient and speedy arrival. On laying out Berlin&#39;s Victoria Park on the Kreuzberg between 1888 and 1894 the garden architect Hermann Mächtig designed its waterfall after the Zackelfall (Kamieńczyk Fall) and a gully after Wolfsschlucht (Vlčí rokle in Adršpach).</p><br>
<p>After 1945 and the expulsion of the German inhabitants, ski resorts expanded with new lifts and slopes on both sides of the mountains, while the traditional mountain huts were neglected. Many were victims of fires, such as Elbfallbaude, Riesenbaude, and Prinz-Heinrich-Baude. Similarly many hiking trails, ski jumps and luge tracks fell into disrepair due to lack of care. The cross-border hiking trail on the main ridge called "Polish - Czech Friendship Trail" was closed in the 1980s for all but Polish and Czechoslovak citizens. The mountains are on the route of main Sudetes hiking trail, Główny Szlak Sudecki, which follows the main ridge. Today, the Krkonoše are a popular holiday destination in both summer and winter.</p><br>
<h2>Winter sport</h2><br>
<p>The Krkonoše mountains are a traditional winter sports centre in Middle Europe. The largest mountain resorts are located on the Czech side in Pec pod Sněžkou, Špindlerův Mlýn, Harrachov and Janské Lázně and on the Polish side in Szklarska Poręba, Karpacz and Kowary.</p><br>
<p>August Neidhardt von Gneisenau described a sledging of 10 km from Grenzbauden (Pomezní boudy) to Schmiedeberg (Kowary) already in 1817. Much earlier however heavy sledges already transported timber and hay whereas smaller and more manoeuvrable sledges, so called "Hitsch&#39;n", were used to get faster from the ridges down into the valleys. Races with both types of sledges were a popular pastime among the locals and became an attraction for tourists. As sledging became more and more popular competitions were organized, the most popular and earliest during the late 19th century in Johannisbad (Janské Lázně). Around 1900 3930 sledges with long horn-shaped runners and 6000 sport sledges were counted on both sides of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>Nordic skiing was introduced during the same time when in 1880 Dr. Krause from Hirschberg (Jelenia Gora) bought some Norwegian skis in Stettin (Szczecin). A pair of them, the first recorded skis in the Krkonoše mountains, ended up at the Peterbaude (Petrovka). The locals however didnt know their purpose, and it wasnt until Fridtjof Nansens "Paa ski over Grønland" (The First Crossing of Greenland) was translated into German in 1891 that skiing became popular. At the same year the first ski manufacture of Austria–Hungary was established in Jungbuch (Mladé Buky) by master carpenter Franz Baudisch. The first crossing of the main ridge was done in 1892/93. Skiing as a popular sport was mainly brought forward by forest wardeners, teachers and industrialists and business people who provided money to create and maintain the needed infrastructure and sponsored equipment for poorer people and schools.</p><br>
<p>Around 1900 a number of sports clubs were founded in the Krkonoše mountains. The leading role of the region back then was emphasised by the fact that 5 of the 12 founding clubs of the Austrian Ski Federation (ÖSV) were located in this part of the Bohemia, that the office of the ÖSV was located in Hohenelbe (Vrchlabí) for the first three years (afterwards it moved to Vienna and finally Innsbruck) and that the first president of the ÖSV was Guido Rotter, a local from the mountains. The clubs on the Silesian side were part of the German Ski Association (DSV). After the breakup of Austro-Hungary and the creation of Czechoslovakia the German clubs of the Bohemian side of the Giant mountains joined the newly founded HDW, an association for all German winter sports clubs in Czechoslovakia, whereas the small Czech minority joined the Svaz lyžařů, an association for all Czech winter sports clubs.</p><br>
<p>The towns and villages of the Krkonoše mountains became a popular venue for national and international competitions, its athletes ranked among the best of the era. The first German Nordic combined champion was a local, the competition itself was staged in Schreiberhau (Szklarska Poręba). Schreiberhau also hosted several luge championships. Martin Tietze and his sister Friedel from neighbouring Brückenberg (Karpacz) won the European luge championships many times. The first Rendezvous race, predecessor of today&#39;s Nordic Ski Championships, was hosted by Johannisbad, the majority of the competitions were won by HDW athletes.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain Biking / Cycling</h2><br>
<p>Hundreds of kilometres of cycling and cross country roads, natural single tracks and demanding rock garden downhill courses make Karkonosze National Park a paradise for all fans of two wheels. Mountain biking trails run across Polish and Czech Republic&#39;s borders and are set to breathtaking views of forested mountain sides, green pastures, lakes and freezing cold rivers that can be challenging to swim in even during hot summer days.</p><br>
<h2>Highest peaks and peaks of interest</h2><br>
<h2>Legend and literature</h2><br>
<p>The Krkonoše is the legendary home of Rübezahl, a half-mischievous, half-friendly goblin of German folklore.</p><br>
<p>The Krkonoše provide the setting for Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué&#39;s "Der Hirt des Riesengebürgs," or "The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains."</p><br>
<h2>Important towns</h2><br>
<p>Harrachov in the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>Karpacz, ski resort in Poland</p><br>
<p>Kowary in Poland</p><br>
<p>Janské Lázně in the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>Pec pod Sněžkou, mountain resort in the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>Szklarska Poręba, ski resort in Poland</p><br>
<p>Špindlerův Mlýn, mountain resort in the Czech Republic</p><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>Opera Corcontica – Scientific Journal from the Krkonoše National Park</p><br>
<p>Milpitas Grammar School, now part of the Milpitas Library, is an educational building in Milpitas, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 22, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival building (listed on the NRHP as Classical Revival) was designed by Frank Delos Wolfe to replace an earlier two story Victorian-style wooden schoolhouse that burned down in 1912. The structure was built by the architect&#39;s brother, Theodore Linfield Wolfe, in 1916 for $13,212, and had offices, at least four classrooms, and an auditorium.</p><br>
<p>During the three years of construction, school was held in a building on a nearby ranch. The building was used as a school until 1956, a few years after the city was incorporated in 1954. The current Milpitas High School traces its roots to the school. Afterward the building served various roles including as Milpitas City Hall, Police Department, library and the Milpitas Senior Center. The city conducted a restoration in 1990.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the structure was integrated into a much larger public library that opened on January 10, 2009. The 60,000 ft&sup2, two-level library is the largest in the Santa Clara County Library system, and places the Milpitas Grammar School building in the center and bookend it with wings to the north and south. The school&#39;s original open courtyard was covered with a tensile fabric roof to filter the sunlight.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Adobe Building, also known as the Mountain View Adobe, is a multi-purpose structure in Mountain View, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The land under the structure was purchased by Mountain View in 1929 for $10 from Wallace and Alice Angelo; it was used for a pump station and reservoir and served as the towns primary water source. Several years later, the city wanted to create a meeting place between downtown Mountain View and the Navys Moffett Field; the land&#39;s location at the corner of Moffett Boulevard and Central Expressway proved ideal.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built in 1934 as a New Deal, Civil Works Administration project during the Great Depression, and was constructed by local laborers using adobe bricks. The project also involved the time and money of members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce, one of the buildings first tenants. Once World War II broke out, the building was also used as a servicemans club and hospitality house for veterans.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the structure took on many more civilian events, and was renamed the Eagle Shack teen center as it hosted high school dances and numerous weddings in the late 1940s. In 1949, the first National Guard leased it for four years as its armory. It then served city programs, including housing the Mountain View Recreation Division and the preparation of a senior lunch program. Over the years, the building had been altered and worn down to the point that it was commonly referred to as the "Adobe Shack".</p><br>
<p>In 1987, new seismic building regulations forced the city to close it. As the structure sat abandoned over several years, a community-driven, "Save the Adobe" campaign began in 1995. As a result, the building was restored to 1935 appearance and reopened for public use on September 29, 2001, at a cost of $1.2 million. The building is now rented by the city as an event center, and includes a modern catering kitchen, office and great room with space for 100 in indoor dining.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a California Historical Landmark on August 2, 2002. It was nominated to the NRHP based on its use as a community hall and its method of construction. It was placed on the NRHP primarily in recognition of its historic value was a Works Project Administration project; it was also noted for its aesthetic value in Spanish Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>Mount Edwards is a mountain in South East Queensland, Australia. The mountain rises 634 m above sea level and is part of the Moogerah Peaks National Park. It lies approximately 100 km south west of Brisbane approximately 17km from the town of Boonah. The mountain is the closest of the Moogerah Peaks to the Cunningham Highway and is 9 km south of Aratula. Other prominent peaks in this Scenic Rim group of mountains includes Mount French, Mount Moon and Mount Greville.</p><br>
<p>Explorer John Oxley named the mountain Mount Banister in 1824. Later renamed in 1828 by Alan Cunningham after Lieutenant George Edwards.</p><br>
<p>The summit is accessed by walking track that starts across the Moogerah Dam wall. The 1.1 km walk to the top affords views across Fassifern Valley.</p><br>
<p>Between Mount Edwards and Little Mount Edwards (363 m) to the east, is Reynolds Creek which flows through a steeply sloped gorge.</p><br>
<p>Parkside East Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is architecturally and historically significant for its association with the 1876 Parks and Parkways Plan for the city of Buffalo developed by Frederick Law Olmsted. It consists of 1,769 contributing structures  developed from 1876 to 1936, as a middle class residential neighborhood. The district largely contains single-family dwellings, built in a variety of popular architectural styles, and located along the irregular and curvilinear street pattern developed by Olmsted. The district is located to the east of Buffalo&#39;s Delaware Park and includes the Walter V. Davidson House and the separately listed Darwin D. Martin House, both designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The 1905 Mary W. Adams House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home that was constructed in Highland Park, Illinois. The Adams House is a stucco-surfaced wood-frame house, built for Wright&#39;s oldest client.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Widowed Mary W. Adams, who was a teacher in the Christian Science movement, hired architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design her a house in 1905. Adams was 70 years old, making her Wright&#39;s oldest client. Disciples of the Christian Science movement wanted to be seen as innovative, therefore Mrs. Adams chose an innovative architect, 38-year-old Wright.</p><br>
<p>Wright submitted an initial plan which had porches at the extremities, but Adams rejected it as too costly. Adams approved of a second draft, which removed the south porch and made the dining room an open view and the house reflects this design. An interesting feature of the building is its diagnol corner buttresses which are not structural, but serve to dramatically emphasize the extension of the roof. The exterior is stucco with cypress wood trim and the interior wood is southern yellow pine with quarter-sawn white oak floors. The original tan Roman brick fireplace has been restored. Wright designed a small storage building for the house which has also been restored. The house had rooms for a maid and servant. It was designed with a call system so that Adams could request help from anywhere in the house, even the porch. The building sits on a corner lot, four houses from Lake Michigan. It is reminiscent of what would become Wright&#39;s A Fireproof House for $5000 design.</p><br>
<p>Adams lived in the house for only three years before her death and is buried with her husband in Lowell, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982 as part of the Highland Park Multiple Resource Area. The house was listed as a short sale in the 2000s and its fate was uncertain. It needed extensive restoration work. New owners purchased the home in December 2010 and embarked upon an 18-month restoration using the original plans of Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The Highland Park Historic Preservation Commission named it a local landmark in 2011. The current owners received the Highland Park 2012 Historic Preservation Award for Restoration.</p><br>
<p>The George Madison Millard House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home that was constructed in Highland Park, Illinois, United States in 1906. It was the first of two houses that Wright would design for the Millards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Madison Millard was the manager of the rare book department of A. C. McClurg in Chicago, Illinois. Millard met his wife Alice (née Parsons) at the bookstore; they married at St Bride&#39;s Church in London in 1901. The Millards were acquainted with Frank Lloyd Wright and had him design this house in Highland Park in 1906 after the couple moved from the South Side of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The house is a typical example of Wright&#39;s Prairie School houses. The floor plan is cruciform in design. The exterior walls are brown-stained board and batten siding laid horizontally. The roof is hipped with 3.5 ft overhangs. Wright later included drawings of the Millard house in his Wasmuth Portfolio.</p><br>
<p>The Millards moved to Pasadena, California in 1913 after George retired from McClurg. Following the death of her husband, Alice carried on her husband&#39;s profession and also sold antique furniture. She had Wright design the Millard House in Pasadena in 1923. The Highland Park house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982. It was listed as part of the Highland Park Multiple Resource Area. The house in Pasadena is also listed in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Fabyan Villa was the home of George and Nelle Fabyan from c. 1908 to 1939. The house is notable because of its remodelling in 1907 by Frank Lloyd Wright. It was the centerpiece of the Fabyans country estate, which they named Riverbank. The Kane County Forest Preserve District of Illinois purchased the majority of the Fabyan estate in 1939, and operated the Fabyans home as a museum off and on beginning in 1940. In 1995 was enlisted to operate the site and developed the Fabyan Villa Museum into a Fabyan historic home museum, where photographs, the Fabyans personal artifact collections, and a limited number of original furnishings, as well as the Riverbank story are shared with the public.</p><br>
<h2>Fabyan country estate, Riverbank</h2><br>
<p>George Fabyan was a millionaire businessman who had a thirst for knowledge. Inheritance from his tycoon-father&#39;s textile business, Bliss, Fabyan & Co. provided the financial foundation from which the Colonel and his wife, Nelle, established their legacy. Riverbank, their estate on the Fox River in Geneva, Illinois spanned approximately 300 acre and featured, among other things, a Japanese Garden, private zoo, Roman-style swimming pool, greenhouses, gardens, grottoes, a lighthouse, a Dutch-style windmill, a country club, a small farm and a scientific laboratory complex.</p><br>
<p>The mid-1800s farmhouse that the Fabyans acquired in 1905 was dubbed by them, The Villa. In 1907, the farmhouse was extensively redesigned by Wright, who added a south wing, three verandas, and large eaves to achieve a cruciform modestly Prairie-style country house. Other hallmarks of Wrights organic architecture found in the Fabyan Villa are geometric window motifs, light screens&#39; (bands of windows), string-coursing, open floor plan, and wood-spindle screening.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, the Fabyans hired Taro Otsuka to design a Japanese-style garden below the villa. The one-acre garden was developed over the next several years, and from 1918 on, maintained by Susumu Kobayashi, a Japanese immigrant gardener. Japanese gardens were popular amongst the upper class, and it was a well-known attraction throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Although neglected for decades after the Fabyans, the Fabyan Japanese Garden was renovated beginning in 1974, and today contains restored and replicated original elements including a pond, waterfall, moon bridge, oversized lantern, and teahouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the Fabyans purchased a windmill located on a farm near what is now Elmhurst, Illinois and had it relocated to the east bank of the Fox River across from the Villa on acreage acquired that same year. The Fabyan Windmill is unique due to the bakery it houses that according to legend, was used to bake bread for the Fabyans&#39; pet bears. During war-time rationing, the Windmill was used to grind grain for the surrounding community; a deed that was later honored by means of a USA postal stamp.</p><br>
<h2>Riverbank Laboratories</h2><br>
<p>Between 1912 and 1922, Fabyan created Riverbank Laboratories, the first privately owned research facility in the United States. In fact, the National Security Agency has recognized Riverbank Laboratories as the birthplace of cryptology and has honored Fabyan for his associated services to the United States government. Nearly all American military World War I cryptography was done at Fabyans laboratories, where Elizabeth Wells Gallup and her staff of assistants, including Elizebeth Friedman and William F. Friedman, had spent several years honing cryptology skills and methodology searching for proof of Sir Francis Bacons authorship of Shakespeares plays using Bacon&#39;s own ciphers.</p><br>
<p>This site also contained Georges and Nelles private library and museum. In 1918, Fabyan built the first reverberation chamber in the US for Harvard physicist Wallace Clement Sabine, the pioneer researcher in architectural acoustics. The acoustic laboratory is still in use today as a testing facility.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont County Victorian Mansion Museum is located at 532 North Chestnut Street in Barnesville, Ohio. The mansions construction began in 1888 and was completed in 1893. A gazebo was added to the property in the 90s and is a popular place for many weddings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mansion Museum was built in 1888 to 1893 and was designed in the Romanesque style. The house stayed in the possession of private families until the 1960s. The house had sat vacant for several years and plans were made to raize the structure to make way for a gas station. The house was purchased by John Bradfield and Everett Hanlon for $10,000 and was turned over to the Belmont County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The large mansion is constructed of red brick and sandstone with white trim. Large rectangular windows light the house. The house rises two floors with a mansard roof containing the attic/third floor. Dormers protrude from the roof and a large pediment is located on the front facade. A large turret is located on the northern facade and contains a balcony with wrought iron fencing.</p><br>
<p>At one point an elegant porch wrapped around the entire length of the mansion, but this was removed for safety reasons. The porch contains a wooden plank floor with sandstone pillars. Today the only part still standing is the porch covering the carriage entrance. The porch is supported by four Ionic columns with an entablature and dentil molding. Flashing can still be seen running along the walls where the porch was once attached. The entrance is framed by a fan light and side lights with a large white solid wood door.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The house contains 26 rooms decorated in the Victorian era designs. Beautiful oak fretwork welcomes visitors to the entrance parlor. The eye is instantly drawn to the handcarved griffin found in the woodworking to the bottom right. The dining room is located to the right of the entrance with two parlors to the left. The great hall runs past the fretwork and contains an inglenook known as a "Courting Fireplace" with cast-iron firebox. A large oak stairway leads to the upper floors. Off the landing is the growlery, where the men would go after dinner to discuss the issues of the day.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contains 5 bedrooms, two dressing rooms and two bathrooms. The bathrooms are decorated in 22K gold trim, mirroring the bathroom below, which is decorated with 22K gold and ruby marble. The bathrooms are fed water from a 540 USgal tank on the third floor, used as for storage or other amenities.</p><br>
<p>The backstairs lead down to the first floor. The kitchen with its original soapstone sink and coal stove is located to your left, with the butlers pantry just beyond containing the original copper sink and the household china. The cabinetwork in these rooms are all northern pine, a tree now extinct.</p><br>
<p>The basement can be reached by another flight of stairs and contains tools and utensils throughout the history of house, many of which were used in the building of the mansion. One of the oddities is a child-sized coffin set as a reminder of the high mortality rate during child-birthing in the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>Parkside West Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is architecturally and historically significant for its association with the 1876 Parks and Parkways Plan for the city of Buffalo developed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. It consists of 137 contributing structures  developed primarily from 1923 to 1940, as a middle class residential neighborhood. The district largely contains single-family dwellings, built in a variety of popular architectural styles, and located along the irregular and curvilinear street pattern developed by Olmsted. They include homes along Nottingham Terrace and Middlesex Road, and segments of Meadow Road, Lincoln Parkway, Delaware Avenue, and Amherst Street. The district is located to the north of Buffalo&#39;s Delaware Park.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Paoha Island is a volcanic island in Mono Lake, an endorheic lake in the USA state of California. The island was formed by a series of eruptions in the 17th century. It is composed of lakebed sediments deposited above volcanic domes. It is one of two major islands in the lake, the other being the smaller Negit Island. Its name comes from a Native American word, Pa-o-ha, describing the abundant hot springs and fumaroles on its surface.</p><br>
<h2>History and geology</h2><br>
<p>Only about 350 years ago, before the mid-17th century, the present-day Paoha Island did not exist. Volcanic eruptions on the lakebed gave rise to the island, which eventually rose to 6,670 ft above sea level, 290 ft above the present-day elevation of Mono Lake. The pale color of the island is attributed to lakebed sediments rising above the lake surface along with the volcanic material.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic origin of the island gave rise to many vents, hot springs, fumaroles and mudpots on the surface of the island. An eruption sometime before the twentieth century created a crater lake that is shaped like a heart. Paoha Island is the younger of the two Mono Lake islands; Negit rose about 1,350 years before Paoha.</p><br>
<p>Paoha Island was named by Israel Cook Russell, a well-known American geologist, in the late 19th century. It supposedly received its name from the Paiute word, pa-o-ha, for spirits they believed to exist in Paoha Island&#39;s hot springs. These spirits, or elves, were described as "diminutive sprites having long, waving hair, that were sometimes seen in the vapor-wreaths escaping from the hot springs."</p><br>
<p>The surface sediments of Paoha Island consist primarily of clay and marl, which are responsible for the pale surface. Volcanic ash is scattered all around the island and basalt is exposed at some of the lower elevations. There are also river-deposited sediments and granite rocks.</p><br>
<p>In his semi-autobiographical book Roughing It, writer Mark Twain recounted a "voyage of discovery" to the island while camping on the shores of Mono Lake. He and a companion had been led to believe that on the island "within ten feet of the boiling spring is a spring of pure cold water, sweet and pure," but once there they "found nothing but solitude, ashes, and heartbreaking silence"—and they had already emptied their canteens. Meantime their untethered rowboat began to drift away. Marooned, they would have died of thirst and starvation: it was a twelve-mile swim back to shore and "that venomous water would eat a mans eyes out like fire, and burn him out inside too, if he shipped a sea." As the wind of a rising storm blew the rowboat past an island cape, Twains companion managed to jump aboard and recover it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Paoha Island is located in the central part of Mono Lake, slightly closer to the western shore. It is a roughly oval-shaped landmass 2 mi north-south and 1.5 mi east-west. It is separated from Negit Island, to the north-northwest, by a narrow channel. During low water levels, Negit Island and eventually Paoha Island become connected to the mainland in one giant peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The island is more mountainous near the east side, with the highest volcanic domes rising more or less than 200 ft above the lake surface. The highest cone, which contains the heart-shaped crater lake, is located at the far northeastern end of the island. Several small islets are located off the island&#39;s west and south shores.</p><br>
<p>The New Redmond Hotel is a historic commercial hotel in Redmond, Oregon, United States. The hotel was built in 1928 after the original Redmond Hotel, (sometimes referred to as "Hotel Redmond"</p><br>
<p>) was destroyed in a fire. It is a three-story Georgian-style brick masonry building located on 6th Street in downtown Redmond. It has been in continuous use as a commercial hotel since it first opened. Today, the New Redmond Hotel is a major landmark in downtown Redmond. Because of its importance to the history of Redmond, the New Redmond Hotel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Old hotel</h2><br>
<p>The original two-story Redmond Hotel was built in 1906 by William and Fanny Wilson. The Wilson’s arrived in Redmond in 1905 after making a modest fortune in Alaska selling supplies to miners during the Klondike gold rush. Once in Redmond, they became active community boosters, organizing a businessmen’s group that meet weekly to discuss civic affairs. In 1911 the hotel made the papers, and again in 1914, when the Jones Land Company was excavating for a septic tank in the rear of the hotel. The workmen had dug 19 feet through solid rock and drilled an additional 10 more feet before setting dynamite. The explosion of the dynamite was anticlimactic after a dull sound followed and cold, heavy-pressured air issued out. It was assumed a subterranean cavern was punctured and that it would make for a suitable septic tank. The discovery made the local papers and Hotel Oregon across the street wanted to locate their own subterranean cavern and eventually did. By 1914, the piping in the Redmond Hotel became clogged after use of the outlet increased. Another hole was drilled in the hotel and larger piping installed. The new setup was found to be adequate for disposal.</p><br>
<h2>New hotel</h2><br>
<p>In June 1927, the original wood-frame hotel burned to the ground. However, the Wilson’s quickly replaced the original hotel with a new one.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the New Redmond Hotel began on 17 June 1927. In the building’s cornerstone community leaders place a time capsule containing coins, photographs, newspapers with reports of the recent hotel fire, and other community related documents. The new hotel cost approximately $150,000 to build. When it was completed, the hotel had 43,000 ft&sup2; of interior space. The hotel’s grand opening was held on 27 July 1928. The event included tours of the new hotel, a banquet with 350 guests, and a community dance. A meeting of the Central Oregon Jersey Breeders was held in conjunction with the grand opening. The hotel’s early advertisements boosted that the New Redmond Hotel provided the best lodging and service east of the Cascade Mountains at the lowest possible prices, only $1 to $2.50 per day.</p><br>
<p>The New Redmond Hotel quickly became a popular social center for the growing Redmond community as well as a well known lodging stop for travelers passing through Central Oregon. The primary function of the building has always been a hotel. However, the hotel lobby served as the home for the local Chamber of Commerce for a time, and as the Redmond bus station since it was conveniently located on Highway 97 which followed 6th Street though town. Today, the hotel remains one of the largest and best known buildings in the city of Redmond. It is also one of the few surviving examples of early 20th century Georgian architecture in Central Oregon. In 1993, the hotel was extensively remodeled, modernizing the structure while maintaining the building&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>On the first floor, there are six commercial store fronts with large display windows, three facing 6th Street and three facing West Evergreen Avenue. The display windows are separated by wide brick pillars. Above the display windows are glass transom windows. The hotel entrance faces 6th Street. The entrance is marked by a large round archway with flanking bay windows. The upper stories of the building are faced with brick. The second and third floors both have fifteen casement windows facing 6th Street and eight facing Evergreen Avenue. On the third floor, window size alternates between large and small size across the facade. There is a ninth window bay on the Evergreen Avenue side of the building that does not have a window on either upper floor. The hotel’s interior fire escape stairwell is behind that bay. Above the entrance extending out toward the street is a vertical marquee announcing the name of the hotel. The sign rises above the rounded cornice that tops the third floor above the hotel entrance. It is 45 ft from the sidewalk in front of the entrance to the top of the cornice, making the hotel the tallest building in Redmond.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The main public spaces inside the hotel are the main lobby and banquet room. Both the lobby and dining room have high beam ceilings with square side-columns crowned by Corinthian capitals. The focal point of the hotel lobby is a large stone-faced fireplace. The lobby is furnished with a mixture of antiques and modern furniture pieces. The floor in the lobby is fir covered with black and white linoleum squares, laid out in a checkerboard pattern. The lobby carpet is patterned after an oriental rug. The banquet room has hardwood floors.</p><br>
<p>An elevator, installed in the 1940s, takes guests to the upper floors. The number of hotel rooms has varied over the years. In 1980, when this building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, there were 29 overnight rooms and 28 longer-term apartment rooms plus two executive suites, one known as the Governor’s Suite. The rooms have high ceilings and tall windows with the hotel’s original woodwork still in place. The hotels heating and cooling plants are located in the basement.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Plantation, also known as the Belle Helene or Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation, is an historic building, built in 1841, that was a plantation estate and home of Duncan Farrar Kenner. Located in Darrow, Louisiana, in Ascension Parish. The manor house is an example of antebellum Greek Revival architecture. The plantation was listed on the National Register of Historic Places May 4, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Ashland estate is located southwest of Gonzales on Highway 3251 (Ashland Road) and Louisiana highway 75. The entire property of the estate belongs to and is surrounded by the Shell Chemical, LP, Geismar plant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By 1830, William Kenner and his brother-in-law Philip Minor consolidated 1,800 acres of land to form a sugar plantation. After William died, his two sons Duncan Kenner and George R. Kenner inherited the property. In 1840 the Kenner brothers acquired the Oakland, Belle Grove, and Pasture Plantations. Kenner was a man of considerable wealth and holdings. He acquired land and property that included not only what was to be named the Ashland Plantation and mansion that he built for his wife, Anne Guillemine Nanine Bringier, but also interests in the Bowden (1858), The Houmas, the 1400-acre Hollywood, the Hermitage (his wife was the granddaughter of Emmanuel Marius Pons Bringier), the Fashion (home of his brother-in-law and partner General Richard Taylor), and Roseland plantations. Kenner was a horseman (with a race track built at Ashland), a lawyer, a gambler, an inventor, and a politician. Property also included leases in the New Basin Canal in New Orleans with Taylor. Kenner helped organize the New Orleans Jockey Club and the New Louisiana Jockey Club.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the mansion began in 1839, was completed in 1841, and presented to Kenner&#39;s wife. Built in the traditional antebellum Greek Revival style, the sixty-foot square, two-story home has 28 columns, each three feet square and thirty-five feet high. It has been called the "grandest and largest plantation house ever built in the state." Twelve-foot wide galleries wrap around the building on both floors. The building had eight Italian-marble fireplaces which were destroyed by vandals in 1959.</p><br>
<p>In 1844, Duncan Kenner bought out his brothers share in the plantation and named it Ashland Plantation after Henry Clays estate.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Plantation was confiscated by the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau in 1865 but returned to Kenner in 1866 after Kenner swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.</p><br>
<p>On March 2, 1889, the Ashland-Bowden Plantation property was auctioned, being adjudicated to Hypolite P. Ousset for $85,100.00 (COB 34, Folio 425, Ascension Parish). The purchase price excluded the furniture and contents of the great house, the store, and the sugar, molasses, and rice crops of 1888. (COB 34, 425, Ascension Parish). Ousset sold the property to George Balthazar Reuss a few days later for $75,000.00. George renamed the plantation Belle Helene in honor of his infant daughter, Helene Eleanor Reuss.</p><br>
<p>In the 1897-98 planting year Belle Helene was the second-best sugar-producing farm in the area.</p><br>
<p>Helene Reuss became Mrs. W.C. Hayward, Sr. (She was named after her great-aunt, Helena Lotz.) From 1939 to 1946 the mansion was unoccupied and unattended, but in 1946 the Hayward family began a major restoration. By 1959 the grounds were empty again and subject to vandalism.</p><br>
<p>Records indicate the invention of a decortication machine by Duncan Kenner and Leonard Sewell (1880s).</p><br>
<p>Excavations were done in 1989, and again in 1992, this time by Earth Search, Inc., for Shell after acquisition. Evidence of the sugar house, 18 slave cabins, an overseer&#39;s house, a blacksmith shop, and other buildings were examined.</p><br>
<h2>Abe Hawkins</h2><br>
<p>Duncan Kenner had a race track, raced horses, and in 1854 a slave named Abe Hawkins, riding Lecomte, won over a horse named Lexington in New Orleans. Abe was inducted into the Louisiana Racing Museum Hall of Fame in 1997. While Kenner was absent from Louisiana the Civil War ended. Abe left the plantation and in 1866 won the third running of the Travers Stakes, riding Merrill for Robert A. Alexander. The trainer was another former slave named Ansel Williamson. In attendance that day were Ulysses S. Grant, William Astor, Alexander Stewart, and Commodore Vanderbilt. Abe beat top Caucasian jockey Gilbert Patrick Watson in a match race before 25,000 fans in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Abe Hawkins was known as "Uncle Able Hawkins: The Black Prince”, “The Dark Sage of Louisiana”, “The Slayer of Lexington” and got his start at Ashland as a slave. Abe won at Saratoga in 1866, and the very next year returned to Ashland where he died of tuberculosis. He earned respect and was a renowned jockey; but he never made it into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, nor the American Racing Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<h2>Shell ownership</h2><br>
<p>Shell Oil Company purchased the estate, including 102 acres, from the Hayward family in 1992, remodeled the exterior to the original colors, and replaced the roof for preservation in 1997. Complete and total restoration was completed in 2015 by Shell Chemicals LP., Geismar and is currently used for private corporate and employee functions.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was shown in several movies, including, Band of Angels (1957) where it also appeared on the movie poster; The Beguiled (1971), The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1971), Mandingo (1975), The Long, Hot Summer (1985) and Fletch Lives (1989).</p><br>
<p>Old St. Raymond&#39;s Church is a historic church in Dublin, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 12, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The oldest extant Catholic church in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, it was built in 1859 and dedicated in 1860. The structure was erected on the northeast corner of 4 acre of land donated by Michael Murray and Jeremiah Fallon that also served as the site of the historic Old Murray Schoolhouse and Dublin Pioneer Cemetery. Jeremiah donated $30 in cash toward the church&#39;s construction costs.</p><br>
<p>The church features simple Gothic Revival design and a New England-style clapboard white exterior along with nicked wooden benches and wide-plank redwood floors. The wood for the chapel came from the hills around Oakland; the trees were brought over by oxen to be milled in Dublin. It was constructed by the Murray and Fallon families, Irish immigrants from Elphin, County Roscommon who left before the Great Famine and had lived in New York City before joining some of the early wagon trains to the west, including the Donner Party. But both families parted with the Donner Party at Fort Bridger. During construction of the church, pioneer, Tom Donlon, fell to his death on September 6, 1859 and became the first formal burial in the nearby Dublin Pioneer Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Originally a mission church, the local residents were unable to afford a full-time priest so a member of the Oakland clergy would ride to St. Raymonds once a month by mule to offer Mass. Later the church came under St. Leanders Church in San Leandro, then St. Michaels in Livermore and finally, in 1961 it came within the jurisdiction of St. Augustines in Pleasanton. It held its first wedding in 1865 between Ellen Fallon (daughter of Jeremiah) and William Tehan. The belfry was first added in 1880. In 1966, the church moved to a new, much larger location (also named St. Raymond&#39;s Church) and the Oakland Diocese gave the old church to Amador-Livermore Valley Historical Society (ALVHS) to be preserved and restored. ALVHS put the building to many uses, then sold the church to the City of Dublin in 1993. The city was also able to acquire the adjacent Old Murray Schoolhouse and the Dublin Pioneer Cemetery to set up an area deemed the Dublin Heritage Center. The City of Dublin rents the building out for community and private use.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded renovation of Old St. Raymonds Church was 1922, and the most recent soon after the city took possession of the structure. The churchs general appearance has remained unchanged since its construction in 1859. Through private donations, a new bell tower was constructed; in 1967 the church&#39;s restoration was complete.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobus Vanderveer House, also known as Knox House, is a USA Federal style house located just north of the community of Pluckemin in Bedminster Township, Somerset County, New Jersey at the junction of US 202 and 206 north of River Road.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Vanderveer /Knox House & Museum while owned by Bedminster Township, is operated under the direction of the Friends of the Jacobus Vanderveer House, a 501-C3 non-profit organization. The Jacobus Vanderveer House is situated on part of the 218 acre that make up River Road Park. The house was thought to be built somewhere in the mid-1770s by James (Jacobus) Vanderveer, son to Jacobus Vanderveer after the property was willed to him by his father.</p><br>
<p>The house is famous as being the winter residence for General Henry Knox during the winter of 1778-1779 while he was commanding Continental Army Artillery Cantonment and what is now known as America&#39;s first military training academy, the forerunner to the United States Military Academy at West Point. What was then known as the Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site is near the Vanderveer/Knox house, which happens to be the only remaining original structure on the fringe of the cantonmnent.</p><br>
<p>Martin Luther King Jr. Park, originally The Parade and after 1896, Humboldt Park, is a historic park located in Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The park is located in east Buffalo and bisected by Fillmore Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park was designed in 1874 by Frederick Law Olmsted and originally connected to Delaware Park via the Humboldt Parkway. That connection was lost in the early 1960s with the construction of the Kensington Expressway. The park originally contained a large wooden refectory, designed by Calvert Vaux; it was destroyed by fire in 1877.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009, a neatly manicured, tree-and flower-filled pedestrian pathway was unveiled by the Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>Cazenovia Park–South Park System is a historic park system located in the South Buffalo neighborhood at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The interconnected set of parkways and parks was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted as part of his parks plan for the city of Buffalo.</p><br>
<h2>Components</h2><br>
<p>The park system was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982,</p><br>
<h3>Heacock Place</h3><br>
<p>A 3 acre park site that forms the beginning of the Cazenovia Park–South Park System.</p><br>
<h3>McKinley Parkway</h3><br>
<p>Connects Heacock Place to South Park. Named for President William McKinley (formerly Southside Parkway).</p><br>
<h3>McClellan Circle</h3><br>
<p>A 500 ft right-of-way at the juncture of McKinley Parkway, Red Jacket Parkway, Choate Avenue, and Whitfield Avenue. Named for General George B. McClellan (formerly Woodside Circle).</p><br>
<h3>Red Jacket Parkway</h3><br>
<p>Connects McClellan Circle to Cazenovia Park. Named for Seneca orator Red Jacket.</p><br>
<h3>Cazenovia Park</h3><br>
<p>An irregularly shaped rectangular parkland plot bisected by Cazenovia Creek. The park features a branch of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library, swimming pool, golf course, and baseball fields. Contributing structures are the Cazenovia Park Casino (1912) and Shelter House (1902).</p><br>
<h3>McKinley Circle</h3><br>
<p>Traversed by McKinley Parkway and Dorrance Avenue; connects McKinley Parkway to South Park (formerly South Parkway Circle).</p><br>
<h3>South Park</h3><br>
<p>An irregularly shaped square parkland plot of 155 acre. The main entrance is at the intersection of McKinley Parkway and South Park Avenue. The park is home to the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens. Recreational development of the park began in 1915 with the golf course. Contributing structures are the South Park Botanical Gardens Conservatory (1889, rebuilt 1930) and Golf Shelter (ca. 1927).</p><br>
<p>Caribou Ranch Open Space Park is a park located near Nederland, Colorado. It has over 3.14 miles of trail for recreational visitors. It is open to hikers, horse back riders, and trail runners. Mountain bikes are not allowed in the park area. This park is connected to Mud Lake Open Space Park by the Caribou Ranch Link.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park is currently managed by Boulder County Parks and Open Space. Like many areas in Colorado, it was first occupied by nomadic Native American Tribes. In the late 1800s the mining industry moved in and established the area. The Blue Bird Mine Complex was a silver mine from that era and it can still be seen in the park today. During the summer months, recreational visitors would come to visit the area via the railroad. In the 1930s, the area was used to breed Arabian horses by Lynn W. Van Vleet. Then in 1971, the land was purchased and one of the barns was converted into the Caribou Ranch recording studio.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Caribou Ranch Open Space is host to many species of wildlife including elk, migratory birds, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, mule deer, bobcat, bat, moose, beaver, and short tailed weasel.</p><br>
<p>Maiden Castle is an Iron Age promontory fort in Durham, England. It is listed as a Scheduled Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Victoria County History describes the location of the fort as follows:</p><br>
<p>An earlier description gives more detail:</p><br>
<p>Although the river Wear now touches the site only on one side, the local topography suggests that the site may have been chosen because, at that time, the river enclosed it on three sides, the river having since adopted a more easterly course across its floodplain.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Although the entire site has been overgrown with trees for over a century, there are remains of earthworks at the western end.</p><br>
<p>Here, where the land is level, a bank and outer ditch were constructed, enclosing a wedge-shaped area which is 120 metres wide at the western end, narrowing to 50 m at the eastern end, and extending 145 m from east to west.</p><br>
<p>The bank is about 6 m wide and 5 m high. The ditch, which is located rather more than 20 m west of the bank, has a maximum depth of about 2 m.</p><br>
<p>It is not certain where the entrance to the fort was located. It may have been at the northern end, where there is a gap in the ditch, or at the extreme southern end, but the area has been disturbed by landscaping, making interpretation difficult.</p><br>
<p>Only limited excavation has been carried out on the site, but there is some evidence that the interior of the bank was strengthened with a stone wall; the excavation unearthed at least one stone bearing a stonemason&#39;s mark, which dates the work to the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The name "maiden" probably means a "fortification that looks impregnable" or one that has never been taken in battle. Alternatively, Maiden Castle comes from the Brythonic *moe din meaning grassy plain.</p><br>
<p>Maiden Castle is a settlement in Grinton, North Yorkshire which probably dates from the Iron Age. It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The name Maiden Castle is not unique to the site and occurs in several other places in Britain and probably means a "fortification that looks impregnable" or one that has never been taken in battle.</p><br>
<p>The site measures 108 by, covering about 7,000 m&sup2, and is pear-shaped. An avenue leading to the entrance of the settlement is a unique feature. Maiden Castle has been described as a banjo enclosure due to its shape, however this description has been disputed. If it is a banjo enclosure, it would be one of just two in northern England, the other being Fremington Dykes.</p><br>
<p>The only dating evidence recovered from Maiden Castle is a "post-and-panel building" which is typologically similar to a structure discovered in Healaugh that has been dated to the late Iron Age or Romano-British periods.</p><br>
<p>Dockery Lake Recreation Area, located in northeast Georgia near the town of Dahlonega, is a US Forest Service campground and day-use area constructed next to a small pond. The area, operated by the Forestry Service&#39;s Brasstown Ranger District of the Chattahoochee National Forest, is nestled among the Cedar Ridge range of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Situated on a small tributary to Waters Creek, Dockery Lake is a 6 acre man-made lake stocked with trout. On the north side of the lake is the beginning of Dockery Lake Trail. It is 3.7 mi in length and terminates at Miller Gap, which is approximately 3 mi east of Woody Gap on the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>Facilities at the camping area include eleven campsites with no electricity. Five sites are next to the lake; the other six are nearby and are high enough to overlook the lake. The area does not feature electrical service, showers or water hookups for RVs.</p><br>
<p>Huaca Pucllana or Huaca Juliana  is a great adobe and clay pyramid located in the Miraflores district of central Lima, Peru, built from seven staggered platforms. It served as an important ceremonial and administrative center for the advancement of the Lima Culture, a society which developed in the Peruvian Central Coast between the years of 200 AD and 700 AD.</p><br>
<p>With the intended purpose of having the elite clergymen (who politically governed several valleys in the area) express their complete religious power and ability to control the use of all the natural water resources (saltwater and freshwater) of the zone, a Great Pyramid was constructed in the Huaca.</p><br>
<p>As a whole, the structure is surrounded by a plaza, or central square, that borders the outer limits, and by a large structured wall dividing it into two separate sections. In one section there were benches and evidence of deep pits where offerings of fish and other marine life took place in order to attain the favor of the gods. The other section is an administrative area. This area contains various small clay structures and huts made of adobe–with some walls still standing–whose function seemed to be to act as the courtyards and patios of the enclosure which is over 500 meters in length, 100 in width and 22 in height.</p><br>
<p>Other remains have been uncovered belonging to the Wari Culture (500 AD-900 AD), which was a direct influence on the Lima Culture society towards the ends of its time period. Of particular note are the remains of the “Señor de los Unkus” (The Lord of the Unkus), which belonged to the first tomb within the ceremonial center to have been discovered completely intact. This tomb holds three separate burial shrouds containing the remains of three adults–two of which have masks–and those of a sacrificed child.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Beacon Island is an uninhabited island located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It lies in the Nascopie Reefs, just east of Dorset Island, itself a Baffin Island offshore island in Hudson Strait. The closest community is Kimmirut, 20.9 km away.</p><br>
<p>Other islands in the immediate vicinity include: Lavoie Island, Wishart Island, Nuvursirpaaraaluk Island, Lee Island, Forder Island, Poodlatee Island, Uugalautiit Island, Black Bluff Island, Aulassivik Island, Ijjurittiak Island, Ivisaat Island, Glasgow Island, Juet Island, and High Bluff Island.</p><br>
<p>Three other Beacon Islands exist in Nunavut:</p><br>
<p>One in Cumberland Sound</p><br>
<p>One in North Bay, Baffin Island, south of Anguttuaq Island</p><br>
<p>One in Ungava Bay, off Cape Naujaat, on the west side of the mouth of the George River</p><br>
<p>The Castellana Caves  are a karst cave system located in the municipality of Castellana Grotte, in the province of Bari, Apulia.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The caves, discovered in 1938 by the speleologist Franco Anelli, are situated 1 km south of Castellana and are served by the (Grotte di Castellana railway station) on the FSE line Bari-Putignano-Martina-Taranto.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is represented by an enormous vertical tunnel 60 m long. The main cave is named "La Grave" (as abyss), and others are named Black Cavern (Caverna Nera), White Cave (Grotta Bianca) and Precipice Cavern (Caverna del Precipizio).</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The Caves of Castellana open in south-eastern Murge, a limestone plateau dating back to the upper Cretaceous (ninety- one hundred million years ago) and rising 330 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The area of Castellana is characterized by limestone, a sedimentary rock composed largely of calcium carbonate, known as Limestone of Altamura.</p><br>
<p>The cave system is 3348 metres in length and the point of maximum depth reaches 122 metres. The temperature within the caves is about 18 °C.</p><br>
<p>The caves are open all year round except for Christmas Day and the New Year’s day. The visit develops along two itineraries: the first is 1 km long and lasts about 50 minutes while the second is 3 km long and lasts about two hours. The tour timetable changes depending on the season. In addition, during the summer there are also guided night tours.</p><br>
<p>The Grave is the first and the biggest cave of this wonderful speleological complex and it is the only one communicating with the outside. It measures 100 m in length, 50 m in width and 60 m in depth. Going beyond the Grave stalactites, stalagmites, curtains and precious crystals continues to embellish everywhere the caves. The name of the environment are the result through the imagination of the early explorers: the She-Wolf, the Monuments, the Owl, the Little Virgin Mary, the Altar, the Precipice, the Desert Corridor, the Reverse Column, the Red Corridor, the Dome up to the last and the most dazzling one, the White Cave.</p><br>
<h3>Peculiarity</h3><br>
<p>Castellana’s speleological complex is unique among other cave systems thanks to its three peculiarities: the Grave, the White Cave and the concretions.</p><br>
<h3>The Grave</h3><br>
<p>The Grave of Castellana is a huge natural pantheon thanks to its natural skylight surrounded by a circle of holm-oaks through which a ribbon of clear sky is visible. From the ceiling a big sunbeams filters down into the darkness and it moves differently according to the time of the day and the season. Within the Grave, the sunlight creates magical effects, firstly draws a huge white screen on the descending walls, secondly it gives life to a far stalagmite group, called the Cyclopes because they look like sea giants rising out from the chaos of a stormy sea. Finally it reaches the irregular and dark bottom of the chasm. The southern walls, the big broken curtains and the green moss-grown columns stay always in the darkness. Beyond these columns there is the majestic architectural structures that the nature build up in the darkness by the passing of time.</p><br>
<p>The Grave is the first huge cave of the cave karst system and the only one communicating with the outside. Its history dates back to ninety-one hundred millions of years ago in the upper Cretaceous. At that time Apulia was submerged by an old sea where lived large colonies of molluscs and sea vegetables. For millions of years generations of these life forms-plants and marine molluscs succeeded each other and died, so their empty shells and their carcasses were piled up on the seabed, forming a giant deposit of mud and sand, that with a continuous growth was compressed forming limestone layers for a total thickness of several kilometres. Starting since 66 millions of years ago, the gradual raising of the land brought the region to its current aspect. However, the new emerged land was too rigid and for this reason it was cut in a multitude of fractures. The eluvial water of large rainfall infiltrated into the subsurface soil and rock and created massive groundwater aquifer. The physical and chemical effect of water running underground, dissolved gradually the limestone and enlarged the fractures. Over geological eras cracks expanded to till become galleries and then cavern which became bigger and bigger. In certain cases a large number of cracks intersected and so there were several frequent collapses, while the thickness of the rock, that separated the cave from the outside, was so reduced that the vault fell down. This happened in the Grave of Castellana and thus the first sunbeam could come in the darkness of the cave.</p><br>
<h3>The White Cave</h3><br>
<p>At the end of the underground itinerary and about 1500 metres far from the Grave there is a small portal dig in an imposing alabaster wall. This is the entrance of the last and the most beautiful caves of Castellana, the White Cave.</p><br>
<p>Suddenly all the wonders of the previous halls disappear compared with the majesty of this corner of heaven. Going on slowly, almost in reverent silence in this underground temple, the astonished visitor is surrounded by the whiteness of alabaster, this is because the cave has been indicated as the most shining cave in the world.</p><br>
<p>A small but spectacular basin, once full of drip water, is now adorned with crystals, which embellish its bottom and walls. Every corner of the cave is adorned with very white and translucent stalagmites.</p><br>
<p>In front of the visitor takes place the final scene: two high and huge columns seem to support the vault of the last hall, embellished everywhere by white stalactites and coral concretions.</p><br>
<p>This is the end and the most enchanting moment of the underground tour that remind the visitor of the power and of the gracefulness of the nature.</p><br>
<h3>Concretions and eccentric stalactites</h3><br>
<p>The most fascinating feature of the Caves of Castellana are the concretions. This term is used to indicate the mineral deposits that covered the naked walls of a cave by crystallisation of the calcite carried in solution by infiltrating rain water, that had penetrated all the overhanging layers of the rock by a very slow seepage.</p><br>
<p>When the water drips through the roof of an empty cavern, the calcite dissolved in it deposits on the roof and going downwards takes the shape of a stalactite. When the drop of water falls on the floor, the calcite takes the shape of a stalagmite. As time went by, the downwards extension of a stalactite and the progressive growth of the below stalagmite led to the formation of a column.</p><br>
<p>Besides this elementary forms, there is a great number of other concretions such as calcite flowstones, curtains, (which are due to the flowing of water), corals, calcite crystals, (which formed underwater), cave pearls, formed of concentric layers as calcite crystallizes on a nucleus such as a microscopic grain of rock, and the eccentric concretions, which defy gravity.</p><br>
<p>As regards eccentric stalactites, they normally have a small size and break the force of gravity. Unlike other stalactites, they grow multidirectionally in capricious ways, i.e. horizontally to the floor, developing weird curved patterns and even upwardly.</p><br>
<p>They still have no clear origin and even the cave scientists are at variance with the formation of the eccentric stalactites. According to speleology, there are several hypothesis about their origin, but undoubtedly there are several factors for their multidirectional forms.</p><br>
<p>The first factor is the possible presence of draughts in the caves that would drive horizontally the direction of the drops and therefore the growth of the concretion. The second factor has to do with the particular form in which calcite crystallizes. Calcite is a mineral that crystallizes in the trigonal system and has perfect rhombohedral cleavage. The cannula of a stalactite is formed by a series of very small rhombohedra which interpenetrate each other. If, as consequence of several causes, the cannula is perforated on the side, water will come out through that opening and will create an aggregate of other rhombohedra on the side.</p><br>
<p>The third one is the presence of any impurities in the water. They can hinder the growth of a calcite rhombohedron in a direction and thus it can form an aggregate on the side that will follow a different direction.</p><br>
<p>There are also eccentric stalactites whose central cannula is very thin (the diameter is less than one millimetre) and so the water flows very slowly. At the end of this stalactite there is always a droplet whose calcite crystals can align randomly so the formation follows a new direction.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>In 1938 the Provincial Tourist Board of Bari asked the Italian Institute of Speleology of Postojna for a speleologist to make an inspection in some caves of the area that have been already explored to turn them into a tourist attraction. But none of them, because of their limited extension, was in this way useful.</p><br>
<p>The 23 January 1938, finally, Anelli climbed down into the Grave, whose bottom was full of a large amount of waste material, accumulated there by the passing of time. He descended to the floor, and then he ventured out to a corridor that disappeared into the darkness and then he found himself in a passage half hidden by stalactites and stalagmites and finally in a huge cave, later called "Cave of the Monuments". This cavern was so huge that his acetylene lamp could not light the vault and the walls and so he decided to come back two days later to continue his exploration.</p><br>
<p>This time Anelli was helped by a bold worker from Castellana, Vito Matarrese. Together they descended into the cave and continued the exploration for more than 300 metres. But they had to stop at the end of a short descending gallery in front of a deep abyss, today known as the Snake Corridor.</p><br>
<p>Two months later, in March 1938, Anelli came back to Castellana and, again with Matarrese, continued the exploration. But, once more, he had to stop by reaching a new chasm more than 600 metres far from the first cave.</p><br>
<p>Professor Anelli spent several days in Castellana and started the first ever survey on the caves, which was completed in September 1938, during his third stay in Castellana.</p><br>
<p>When Anelli left Castellana, it was Vito Matarrese who was responsible for the exploration of the caves. He climbed over the precipice of the Desert Corridor and discovered the last cave, the White Cave, in 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The speleological researches has demonstrated that a large number of animals lives in the Caves of Castellana and some of them belong to new endemic species. They are:</p><br>
<p>isopoda shellfish Murgeoniscus Anellii e Castellanethes Sanfilippoi</p><br>
<p>pseudoscorpion Hadoblothrus gigas</p><br>
<p>pselaphida coleopter Tychobythinus anelli</p><br>
<p>carabida coleopter Italodytes stammeri.</p><br>
<p>Moreover, in the caves lives a large number of Troglophilus Andreinii orthoptera, a sort of grasshopper of the cavern. The most fortunate tourists can meet them during their tours in the caves.</p><br>
<p>But the most typical animal of the cave is the bat, the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight thank to the forelimbs form webbed wings. Bats do not have real wings to flap, but they flap their spread-out digits, which are very long and covered with a thin membrane that webs till hindlimbs and sometimes till the tail.</p><br>
<p>In the caves of Castellana live 5 species of small-sized bats. They are Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Rhinolophus mehelyi, Rhinolophus euryale and Myotis capaccinii. All the species are small.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>The entrance of the Grave, that is to say the deep chasm, had always struck terror into the people going along the nearby country street, above all at twilight. It could happened that the superstitious wayfarers saw, together with the bats flying out of the cave chasm to eat insects in the fields of the area, strange vapours that they thought were the souls of the suicides who had threw themselves down the Grave, and were trying to go to heaven in vain.</p><br>
<p>Vincenzo Longo (1737-1825), humanist and expert on law from Castellana, probably was the first man who descended in the Grave together with a big group of young people. The memories of the courageous achievement, enriched by new several details, was preserved by its witnesses and then it was handed down to posterity.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century the Chorographical-Universal Dictionary of Italy vouched for the truth of the achievement: A little more than a mile far from Castellana there is a natural sight, a chasm called the Grave by common people. Its entrance is an hole about 180 spans in circumference and about 300 spans in depth. In the previous century some brave inhabitants of Castellana descend into the Grave early in the morning. They used ropes and hawsers and went along dark corridors for several miles. After 24 hours, while their relatives and friends were very worrying about the long wait, they came back to surface.</p><br>
<h2>Speleological museum "Franco Anelli"</h2><br>
<p>The speleological museum of the Caves of Castellana, "Franco Anelli", was inaugurated on 23 January 2000, on the occasion of the 62nd anniversary of the discovery of the caves. It is dedicated to Professor Franco Anelli (1899-1977), born in Lodi, who was speleologist, discover, populariser as well as passionate director of the Caves of Castellana. The museum is managed by Gruppo Puglia Grotte, the speleological association of Castellana founded in 1971, on behalf of Grotte di Castellana Company. According to Anelli the visit at the Speleological Museum would have been an "easy delightful excursion over the pages of a fascinating book, the book of the caves: few orderly chapters to provide a commentary for a ponderous volume, that of the Science of caves". This is the aim of the museum.</p><br>
<p>The museum is located in the a building planned in 1952 by the architect Pietro Favia (1895-1972). It allow the tourist to delve into science and speleology and also represent a reference point for the speleological research in Apulia. It houses the Centre of Speleological Documentation of the Apulian Speleological Federation "Franco Orofino" that includes a speleological library, a newspaper and periodical library and an archive of photographs.</p><br>
<h3>Educational workshops</h3><br>
<p>Since several years the speleological museum "Franco Anelli" is the destination of an increasing didactic tourism thanks to guided tours, educational workshops, and speleological tours in the secondary forks of the caves for pupils and students. It represent one of the most important innovation of Castellana’s speleological complex.</p><br>
<p>The educational workshops cover astronomy, science of caves, speleology, bio-speleology, geology and ecology. They share Professor Anelli’s idea to spread among school students "the knowledge about the underground world and the scientific studies related to it through lively visual illustration of the subsurface and the physical, biological and anthropic phenomena which take place in the underground or which took place thousands of years ago at the time of the geological history of Italy".</p><br>
<p>Moreover, in the museum are offered cultural activities, with the aim to promote education and learning by means of interactive workshops and specific lessons holding directly inside the caves. One of these cultural activities is speleojunior that gives students the opportunity to feel the emotion of the darkness and to learn the most secret features of the caves.</p><br>
<h2>Historical events</h2><br>
<p>Among the most famous visitors of the caves in the period of their launching as tourist attraction there were Luigi Einaudi (1874-1961), Aldo Moro (1916-1978), Enrico Mattei (1906-1962), Gina Lollobrigida, Silvana Pampanini, Margareth aus England (1930-2002) and Tito Schipa (1888-1965).</p><br>
<p>Similarly, several film producers were fascinated by the caves and eight films were shot in the caves. They are: The Age of the Love (1953) by Michael Hamilton (but he is Lionello De Felice), Hercules in the Haunted World (1961) by Mario Bava and Franco Prosperi, Maciste in Hell (1962) by Riccardo Freda; Casanova 70 (1965) by Mario Monicelli, The King of Criminals (1968) by Paul Maxwell (but he is Paolo Bianchini); Stellar Clashes beyond the Third Dimension (1978) by Lewis Coates (but he is Luigi Cozzi); Alien 2: On Earth (1980) by Sam Cromwell (but he is Ciro Ippolito) and Biagio Proietti and an episode of the TV series Holiday Profession (1986) by Vittorio De Sisti. Additionally, two films by Antonio Leonviola shot here: TAUR IL RE DELLA FORZA BRUTA (1963), and its sequel LE GLADIATRICI (1963). The English version of the former (TOR, MIGHTY WARRIOR) carries an end credit which says "The producers wish to express their gratitude to the Yugoslave (sic) authorities for granting permission to shoot some scenes in the grottoes of Postumia".</p><br>
<p>The underworld scenes of ARRIVANO I TITANI by Duccio Tessari also seem to have been filmed here.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Anelli Franco, Castellana – Arcano mondo sotterraneo in Terra di Bari. Nuova Postumia d’Italia, Castellana Grotte, 1954.</p><br>
<p>Carpinelli Gaetano Sergio, Speleonight, speleologia e divulgazione attraverso escursioni turistico-emozionali nelle Grotte di Castellana. Studio statistico pilota, Gruppo Puglia Grotte, Spelaion 2011.</p><br>
<p>Lovece Daniela, Pace Pino, Il cinema alle Grotte di Castellana (Castellana-Grotte, Puglia), in Grotte e dintorni, 11, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Lovece Daniela, Pace Pino, Le prime immagini delle Grotte di Castellana, in Grotte e dintorni, 14, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Manghisi Vincenzo, Le Grotte di Castellana. Cinquant’anni di storia e d’immagine, Nuova Editrice Apulia, 1990.</p><br>
<p>Manghisi Vincenzo, Franco Anelli (1899 – 1977) – Un maestro di speleologia e di vita, in Grotte e dintorni, 1, Castellana-Grotte, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Manghisi Vincenzo, Pace Pino, Guida illustrata alle Grotte di Castellana, Castellana-Grotte, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Manghisi Vincenzo, Pace Pino, La Grave di Castellana-Grotte tra storia e leggenda, Martina Franca, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Pace Pino, La vocazione didattica del Museo Speleologico Franco Anelli, Gruppo Puglia Grotte, Spelaion 2011.</p><br>
<p>Regione Puglia, Federazione Speleologica Pugliese, Grotte e carsismo in Puglia, Castellana-Grotte, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Reina Alessandro, Parise Mario, Geologia delle Grotte di Castellana: ipotesi speleogenetiche. In Geologi e Territorio, 1, 2004</p><br>
<p>The Frasassi Caves  are a remarkable karst cave system in the municipality of Genga, Italy, in the province of Ancona, Marche. They are among the most famous show caves in Italy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The caves, discovered by a group of Ancona speleologists in 1971, are situated 7 km south of Genga, near the civil parish of San Vittore and the Genga-San Vittore railway station (Rome-Ancona line).</p><br>
<p>Rich in water, the cave system is particularly well endowed with stalactites and stalagmites.</p><br>
<p>Near the entrance to the caves are two sanctuary-chapels: one is the 1029 Santuario di Santa Maria infra Saxa (Sanctuary of Holy Mary under the Rock) and the second is an 1828 Neoclassical architecture formal temple, known as Tempietto del Valadier.</p><br>
<h2>Chambers</h2><br>
<p>The Frassisi cave system includes a number of named chambers, including the following:</p><br>
<p>Grotta delle Nottole, or "Cave of the Bats", named for the large colony of bats that lives within.</p><br>
<p>Grotta Grande del Ventro, or "Great Cave of the Wind," discovered in 1971, with approximately 13 km of passageways.</p><br>
<p>Sala delle Candeline, or "Room of the Candles," named for its plentiful stalagmites that resemble candles.</p><br>
<p>Sala dell&#39;Infinito, or "Room of the Infinite," a tall chamber with massive speleothem columns supporting the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Scientific experiments</h2><br>
<p>The cave has been used to conduct experiments in chronobiology. Among the cavers that have spent considerable amount of time inside the cave is the Italian sociologist Maurizio Montalbini, who died in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Sister caves</h2><br>
<p>Frasassi is partnered with several sister caves around the world:</p><br>
<p>Grand Roc (Les Eyzies — Aquitaine, France)</p><br>
<p>Wieliczka Salt Mine (Wieliczka — Lesser Poland, Poland)</p><br>
<p>Kartchner Caverns State Park (Benson — Arizona, United States)</p><br>
<p>The Pertosa Caves , co-officially named Pertosa-Auletta Caves  since 2012, are a karst show cave system located in the municipality of Pertosa, in the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The caves, also named Grotte dell&#39;Angelo as many Italian voids in honour of St. Michael, are extended also into the territories of Auletta and Polla.</p><br>
<p>They are situated by the eastern side of Alburni mountains, in the locality of Muraglione, 3 km in south of Pertosa and close to its railway station. Due to the presence of Tanagro river the caves are rich of water and, after the main entrance, there is an underground lake.</p><br>
<h2>Cinema</h2><br>
<p>The caves were the set of some scenes of 1998 Italian horror film "The Phantom of the Opera", directed by Dario Argento.</p><br>
<p>The Castelcivita Caves  are a remarkable karst cave system located in the municipality of Castelcivita , in the province of Salerno, Campania. They are some remarkable show caves of Italy and the most ones, along with Pertosa, of their province.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Their second name, Spartacus Caves; is due to a popular fact (not verified) telling that the Roman gladiator used the caves as a shelter during its march from Brundisium to the final battle of Silarus river, this one close to the town of Castelcivita.</p><br>
<p>Situated in an area near Calore lucano river and close to the western side of the Alburni mountains, they are 3 km far from Castelcivita and 3 from Controne, and close to a zone named Ponte Paestum (i.e. Paestum Bridge). The length of touristic area is of 1.7 km and the total extension of the voids is of 3 km.</p><br>
<p>Concrete-Central Elevator is a historic grain elevator located on the Buffalo River at 175 Buffalo River  Buffalo in Erie County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Concrete Central was built between 1915 and 1917 at the height of World War I. Due to its being the largest grain elevator in the world and concerns about German sabotage, Concrete Central&#39;s method of construction was top secret. The facility was utilized for grain storage until 1966. Concrete Central stretches along the Buffalo River for almost a quarter of a mile and was the largest transfer elevator in the world at the time of its completion in 1917. It is also the largest elevator ever built in the Buffalo area. When in operation, it had the capacity to handle a total of 4.5 e6usbu of grain. The elevator allowed crews to load and unload 20 railroad cars an hour, three marine legs along the Buffalo River side could load and unload three massive lake freighters at one time.</p><br>
<h2>In the news</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, a young boy was killed in a fall after climbing to the roof of the building. The City of Buffalo removed nearly all stairs from the multiple staircases in the structure to secure the building from a similar tragedy.</p><br>
<p>On May 28, 2013, at roughly 1630 hrs the Buffalo Fire Department received multiple reports of smoke showing from the roof of the Concrete Central main elevator. Due to the location of the grain elevator and no accessible roads to the complex, the Buffalo Fire Department requested Engine 20, the Edward M. Cotter (fireboat) to respond and extinguish the flames only. It took several hours but the fire was contained to small area of the roof and put out. Buffalo Fire Arson Investigators were investigating possible arson at the complex. No damage estimate was listed, and no injuries were reported.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The complex sits on a remote parcel, with the only land access attainable via multiple railroad bridges from the northside of the complex and one railroad service road. The complex is easily viewable from the Red Jacket Park located at the foot of Smith Street or for kayakers in the Buffalo River. This area, riddled with mostly inactive but a few operational elevators, is known as Silo City.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Following 1966, Concrete Central changed ownership multiple times but sat idle. In 1975 Concrete Central was abandoned as a derelict property. Machinery, furniture and metal as well as other items have been looted from the building leaving it an unsecured empty shell to this day.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Indian School, also known as the Thomas Asylum of Orphan and Destitute Indian Children, is an historic school and national historic district located near Irving at the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation in Erie County, New York. The complex was built in about 1900 by New York State as a self-supporting campus. Designed by the New York City firm Barney and Chapman, the campus contains the red brick Georgian Revival style main buildings and a multitude of farm and vocational buildings.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Numerous works address the stories of former residents of Native American boarding schools in Western New York and Canada, such as Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School) in Brantford, Southern Ontario, Haudenosaunee boarding school, and the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania; the impact of those and similar schools on their communities; and community efforts to overcome those impacts. Examples include: the film Unseen Tears: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors, Ronald James Douglas graduate thesis titled Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears, and the Legacy of Hope Foundations online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools".</p><br>
<p>Tumba  is a peak in the Belasica mountains in the region of Macedonia. The peak, 1,880 m in height, lies on Belasica&#39;s main ridge, west of Lozen Peak and east of Sechena Skala Peak. A dome-shaped mountain with steep southern and northern slopes, Tumba is covered with low subalpine vegetation and is made of metamorphic rock. Tumba is notable as the point where the national borders of Bulgaria, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia meet . It is the southwesternmost point of Bulgaria and the southeasternmost point of the Republic of Macedonia.</p><br>
<p>In Bulgaria, favourable starting points of an ascent are the villages Klyuch, Skrat and Gabrene. In the Republic of Macedonia, these are Smolari and Sharena Cheshma. In Greece these are Platanakia, Kalochori and Kastanoussa. Every August since 2001, an international excursion to the peak is organized under the motto "Balkans Without Borders".</p><br>
<p>The Fort Laramie Three-Mile Hog Ranch was built to serve as a social center away from the soldiers&#39; post at historic Fort Laramie. Fort Laramie was a 19th-century military post in eastern Wyoming. It became notorious as a place for gambling and drinking, and for prostitution, with at least ten prostitutes always in residence. The location is notable as an example of one of only a few military bordellos still standing in the United States by 1974, the time of its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places The Fort Laramie site was one of a number of so-called "hog ranches" that appeared along trails in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Located about 3 mi from old Fort Laramie, the ranch was established in 1873 by Jules Ecoffey and Adolph Cuny as a trading post and saloon. The next year prostitution was added as a further attraction. One of the young prostitutes was said to be Martha Jane Cannary, more popularly known in later years as Calamity Jane.</p><br>
<p>Both Ecoffey and Cuny had died by 1877. However, the site remained important as a social, commercial and transportation center, the nearest town of any size being Cheyenne, 85 mi away. The Cheyenne and Black Hills Stagecoach Company operated a hotel for stagecoach passengers, which apparently coexisted with the bordello, both operating until the stage line was abandoned in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was described by USA Army Lieutenant John Gregory Bourke:</p><br>
<p>... tenanted by as hardened and depraved set of witches as could be found on the face of the globe. It a rum mill of the worst kind half a dozen Cyprians, virgins whose lamps were always burning brightly in expectancy of the coming of the bridegroom, and who lured to destruction the soldiers of the garrison. In all my experience I have never seen a lower, more beastly set of people of both sexes.</p><br>
<p>Two structures remain: a "U"-shaped lime-grout building that housed the bar and had several rooms and a cellar, and a wooden barn. (Lime-grout was used as an early form of concrete.) Other buildings, now vanished, included a barn with loopholes for defense, eight "cribs" or two-room cabins for prostitutes, shops, and a pool hall.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Laramie Three-Mile Hog Ranch was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Pastena Caves  are a karst cave system located in the municipality of Pastena, in the province of Frosinone, Lazio.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The caves were discovered in 1926 by Carlo Franchetti and were opened for tourism one year later. They belong to the "Consorzio Grotte Pastena e Collepardo". The site, situated 4.5 km out of the town of Pastena, on the road to Castro dei Volsci (close to the frazioni of Casanova-Cavatelle and Collevento), is divided into 2 sections: the "active" inferior and the "fossile" superior. The second one is so named due to the fact that the process of dripping (from stalactites to stalagmites) has not been active in several millennia.</p><br>
<h2>Cinema</h2><br>
<p>A scene of Fantozzi va in pensione (Neri Parenti, 1988, with Paolo Villaggio), was set in the caves, even if in the fiction it was in Postojna Cave.</p><br>
<p>The Fountain-Tallman Soda Works is a historic building in Placerville, El Dorado County, California. It currently houses the Fountain & Tallman Museum, which is owned and operated by the El Dorado County Historical Society. The rustic vernacular Victorian stone and brick building, of the Gold Country, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 13, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The two-story masonry structure was built as a soda water factory by John Fountain & Benjamin Tallman in 1852. The stone walls of the building are more than 2 ft thick so ice and soda supplies could be kept cool. These construction materials also have protected it from fires that destroyed surrounding buildings (3 fires occurred in 1856 alone), and as a result it is one of the oldest buildings in Placerville. Water was pulled through a small wood framed hole in the wall from a spring out back in the hillside. An odd-looking contraption (a small pressure vessel) housed inside the building, added carbon dioxide to the water. A replica is currently on display. Bottles were then filled and pressure caps added with wire twists to hold the caps in place.</p><br>
<p>After the close of the soda water factory, the building served many different purposes for many different owners. At one time it was the town jail, the Pacific Gas & Electric Company office (1927-1961), and has had other associated uses and owners. When the building was donated to the El Dorado County Historical Society in 1981 by Fay Ripley Cannon, it became a museum upon the contingency that it be preserved for public benefit as a historical landmark, which was an earlier stipulation originating with the PG&Es sale. When the building was renovated, lifting up the stone floor revealed a bowie knife (handle long since rotted away), flakes of gold, and pieces of broken glass soda bottles with the original building owners mark intact. These items are still on display inside.</p><br>
<p>The building was converted into a museum by the generosity of many donors including using funds from the estate of Placerville native Stella Tracy. Originally called the Placerville Historical Museum, it contains some of Tracy&#39;s turn-of-the-century furniture and photos as well as other exhibits of 19th- and 20th-century memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby soda works, the John Pearson Soda Works, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The John Pearson Soda Works, also referred to as the Placerville Soda Works, is a historic rustic vernacular Victorian brick building in Placerville, El Dorado County, California. The building, in the Gold Country region, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on December 12, 1985. The building currently houses the Cozmic Café coffee shop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The John Pearson Soda Works structure was built in several stages: The previous building on the site burned down in a devastating fire that affected most of Placerville in the 1850s. Scottish immigrant John McFarland Pearson built the lower portion of the building in 1859 as a commercial ice house. He chose to build in front of an idle mine shaft so he could use the underground rooms and tunnels to store ice at controlled temperatures. In addition, the walls of this section were made 22 in thick to keep the ice cool in the storefront. Pearson later expanded into soda water; his sons added the brick second story in 1897 to house the bottling operation. They added a water-driven elevator to transport the product from each level. The store also sold other groceries such as eggs and beer.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The business changed hands several times, though the building remained in the Pearson family for some time. The Pearson sons sold the business in 1904 to the Scherrer Bros., who in turn sold it in 1934 to Robert Hook, who turned it into a Coca-Cola Bottling franchise.</p><br>
<p>The structure held other businesses until the Pearson family sold the building in 1972 to antique collector Roger John Douvres, who restored the structure over a period of four years, using the lower section as an old-fashioned soda fountain and the upper portion as an elegant dining hall decorated in early 20th-century style. Douvres&#39; daughter had the building successfully placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The structure has also housed a theater, antique store, bookstore, music store and the Placerville Coffee House before becoming The Cozmic Café in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby soda works building, the Fountain-Tallman Soda Works, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mount Mallory is a mountain located in the Sierra Nevada of California. The boundary between Inyo National Forest and Sequoia National Park runs across the summit. The peak was named in memory of George H. Leigh Mallory, of the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition, who was lost on Mount Everest, June, 1924. Norman Clyde advanced Mallorys and Andrew Irvines names following their loss after attaining the highest altitude reached by a mountain climber.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Mallory is located southeast of Mount Whitney, and is flanked to the north by Mount Irvine, and to the southeast by Mount LeConte. The southwest side, in Tulare County, is in Sequoia National Park. The north and east sides, in Inyo County, are in the John Muir Wilderness of the Inyo National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>There are several routes typically used to climb Mount Mallory. It can be climbed from the East via Green Pass from the Meysan Lake Trailhead, or it can be climbed from the west via Arc Pass. The East slopes present the most obvious route, and the mountain is often climbed in conjunction with Mount Irvine.</p><br>
<p>Confidence Hall is a historic Italianate Style, Victorian brick building in Placerville, El Dorado County, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on January 4, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed as the Confidence Engine Company No. 1, a volunteer fire brigade. The brigade began as the Mountaineer Engine Company on May 22, 1857, but changed their name in June after they purchased a used fire engine called "Confidence" and found they were unable to remove the engraving. The original engine hall had been damaged by fire in September 1860, and the present building was built in fall of the same year. The building has also served as the police department, jail and a justice court. When the El Dorado County Fair used to rotate the location of the event, Confidence Hall was one of its venues in Placerville.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the building became Placerville City Hall. The Placerville City Library, the first public library in the county, was established in the upper floor of the building in 1906. The space was shared by the Placerville City Clerk&#39;s Office and separated by a gate which was opened only after the Clerk had finished his work. The library remained there until 1947. It remained Placerville City Hall until 2005.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent structure with a wooden balcony, the Jane Stuart Building, was built in 1861 and is on the inventory of the NRHP listing. Immigrant Jane Stuart funded its construction by driving a herd of horses across the Great Plains and selling them to a local dealer. The two buildings share a common wall and an internal hallway and door and have been utilized as a single tenant office building. The buildings have an estimated 6,360 ft&sup2, which does not include an unfinished basement and an upstairs loft area.</p><br>
<p>After the Placerville City Government moved to a new city hall in 2005, the buildings, zoned for a broad range of uses, went on the market for over $1 million, but remained unsold and were repriced in June 2009 for $799,000.</p><br>
<p>Clare Abbey is a ruined Augustinian monastery located near Ennis and about a mile north of the Clarecastle in County Clare, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The abbey was founded in 1195 under the sponsorship of Domnall Mór Ua Briain (Donald O&#39;Brien), the king of Thomond.</p><br>
<p>After the suppression of the monastery in 1543 the parish lands, now the civil parish of Clareabbey, were given to the barons of Ibrackan by King Henry VIII of England.</p><br>
<p>In 1620 it became the property of the Earl of Thomond.</p><br>
<p>The ruins include a church and cloister with ranges of domestic buildings to the east and south of the garth, and a gateway and enclosures. The church was originally a long oblong building, 39 metres by 9 metres 40 centimetres, externally. The interior was subsequently divided into a nave and chancel by a belfry tower 4 metres 80 centimetres, and the chancel 14 metres 75 centimetres.</p><br>
<p>The South Torrington Union Pacific Depot was built in 1926 just to the south of Torrington, Wyoming. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood in the Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival as a combined passenger and freight depot.</p><br>
<p>The line was principally intended to serve a sugar refinery in the vicinity. By 1928 it was extended to serve as a cutoff from the Union Pacific branch along the North Platte River to the main transcontinental line and was known as the North Platte Cutoff.</p><br>
<p>The ground level comprises a freight and baggage room, a holdover room and record room, agent&#39;s office, passenger waiting room, toilets and a hallway leading to the upstairs apartment. A basement includes a storage room and a furnace room. The upstairs portion contains living quarters for the station agent, including a living room, two bedrooms, a kitchen and a bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>Homesteaders Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Homesteaders Museum is a museum of county and area railroad history located in the depot and adjacent buildings. The depot features a display of homesteading items and local memorabilia from the first settlement in 1834 up to 1976, when Homesteading ended. Also on display are a Lincoln Land Company house with artifacts from an early ranch family, an original homestead shack, a one-room schoolhouse, a Union Pacific Caboose with railroad items from the Union Pacific Railroad and Burlington Northern Railroad, a transportation building with vehicles, and railroad cars.</p><br>
<p>Brandon Hall is a Greek Revival architecture style house built in 1856 in Washington, Mississippi, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Majestic Brandon Hall was formally a large working cotton plantation located on the scenic Natchez Trace. The land on which Brandon Hall now stands first passed into private ownership as a royal grant from the Spanish King Carlos III in 1788. In 1809 the property was sold at public auction to William Lock Chew for the sum of $7,000. Chew constructed the first permanent dwelling consisting of a three-room brick house about twenty by sixty feet, built sometime between 1809 and 1820. This structure still exists as the "basement" of the present house known as Brandon Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1833 Chew sold the property to Nathaniel Hoggatt, a successful planter whose daughter Charlotte inherited the land after his death. On October 29, 1840, Charlotte Hoggatt married Gerard Brandon III, who was the son of an early Governor of Mississippi and the grandson of a Revolutionary War Hero of the same name. They lived in this original dwelling until 1853, when they began construction of Brandon Hall which was completed in 1856.</p><br>
<p>In January 1914, the plantation, house, and land was sold to George Hightower as a result of a default on a promissory note, thus ending an 81-year chain of ownership by the Brandon and Hoggatt families. These 81 years extended from Mississippis frontier days during the period of grace and plenty before the Civil War, and through the Souths darkest hours after the war.</p><br>
<p>From 1914 until the present, Brandon Hall Plantation has had ten owners. In 1987 the home was completely renovated and restored, perfectly duplicating the original construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the owners of the house, Edward L. and James R. Diefenthal of New Orleans, Louisiana, donated the house to the Historic Natchez Foundation.</p><br>
<p>In December 2009 the home was purchased by Ron and Kathy Garber of Lafayette, Louisiana, who opened it for Bed and Breakfast accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Toomeys Mills in Newcastle, Wyoming, began in 1905 as the Newcastle Milling Company and Electric Light Plant. Later the Newcastle Rolling Mills, Toomeys Mills processed locally produced wheat until 1965. The mill is a prominent local landmark, with "TOOMEY&#39;S MILLS" painted on the side of the elevator. It is today used as a restaurant, an example of adaptive reuse. Much of the original mill machinery has been retained, and the property retains a significant degree of integrity.</p><br>
<p>The original frame portion of the mill was built by George C. Getchell, who was reported to have contracted with Duling and Smith to build a 100-barrel flour mill. A quarry was opened in a canyon north of town to provide stone for the foundation. The mill opened on September 5, 1905, and was granted an electric light franchise by the town the day before. The generating equipment was installed by the Western Electric Company of Omaha, and produced enough surplus power to operate street lights in town.</p><br>
<p>D.J. Toomey of Spearfish, South Dakota, bought the mill in 1919. It was at the time the largest flour mill in Wyoming, producing "White Satin" flour for markets with 200 mi. By 1936, the mill had expanded considerably, with warehouse space and offices. Two silos were constructed of 2x6 lumber laid flat, along with a concrete silo.</p><br>
<p>Toomey&#39;s Mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2012, Toomey&#39;s Mill was torn down. The site was removed from the NRHP in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Earth Peoples Park  was a 592 acre parcel of swamp and forested land located in the small Canada–US border village of Norton, Vermont. The park property is now known as Black Turn Brook State Forest and is now owned by the state of Vermont.</p><br>
<h2>People's Park in Berkeley California</h2><br>
<p>Purchase of the Norton parcel was inspired by the Peoples Park in Berkeley, California, with some donations for the down payment raised at the 1969 Woodstock Music & Art Festival in Bethel, NY. The Vermont parcel was purchased and managed as a non-profit trust (Earth Peoples Park Inc.), with the land deed officially recorded so as to convey the trusts ownership of the land (the only real asset of the trust), to all of the peoples of the earth. Due to land surveying errors going back to the settling of that region of the United States and Canada in the late 18th century, the 45th parallel (which was the boundary line set by treaty) actually passes through the acreage several hundred feet to the south of the present-day international boundary vista line, somewhere in the vicinity of the large hay field.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In early 1970, the partially logged area, its northern property line running along the international boundary with Canada, as well as prime Coaticook River frontage on the east, was purchased sight-unseen from a Strout Realty mail-order land catalog for $38,000. Criteria included finding as large a property as cheaply as possible, with the remoteness considered a plus (fewer neighbors to bother). It was an unlikely, snow-bound, out of the way location, with little else drawing most folks to that sparsely populated corner of Vermont&#39;s Northeast Kingdom, the population of all of Essex County less than 5000 residents at that time.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the original Peoples Park in Berkeley, which is owned by the University of California, the underlying principle was that the Vermont trust land would be legally open to anyone who wished to visit, camp, or homestead upon it, rent free for as long as one desired. The land purchase originally included a separate 1 acre parcel nearer town upon which a A-frame was erected as a sort of welcoming center, access at that time was via a shared gravel driveway and through farm fields to the actual land holdings. Locally it became known as the last left turn(s) in America, requiring a series of unmarked left turns starting less than 20 ft south of the US Customs station. Many uninformed visitors often missed the left turn, and suddenly found themselves entering Canada by mistake. In 1974, the shared access was traded for construction of a new, private road leading directly west from State Route 114. The land swap negotiated between the trust and neighboring farmers included construction of a concrete bridge crossing the Coaticook River at the southern edge of the land near Number Six Brook, that access is now known locally as Black Turn Brook Rd&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Living conditions</h2><br>
<p>Living conditions were primitive, particularly in the early years when few structures existed suitable for surviving the harsh winter environment. No utilities such as power, water or telephone ran to the land; heating and cooking was by wood, kerosene or bottled propane, and lighting by candles or kerosene lantern. Drinking and bathing water was drawn from Black Turn Brook, or directly from the Coaticook River. Winter access was challenging; once off the plowed state highway, the unmaintained dirt roads were frequently blocked by heavy, drifting snowfall accumulations, adding a half-mile hike in from the highway, with snowshoes, toboggans and cross-country skis much desired items.</p><br>
<p>Despite the harsh environment, many people thrived both in the isolation, and in their newfound ability to disconnect from the noise and distractions of mainstream society, with a number of winter-able structures added as more people moved in over time. In the period of 1973–75, there were perhaps 25 year-round residents living in dispersed cabins, A-frames, canvas teepees, old school buses, geodesic domes, a 1950s vintage travel trailer, as well as an impressive 8-sided log cabin constructed by one family over the course of several years. Additional living and auxiliary structures were constructed throughout the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Warmer months saw increased visitors, such as traditional summer solstice and fall equinox gatherings, or other word-of-mouth events. The remote location with thickly forested lands included several secluded beaver ponds, along with access to the Coaticook River, providing an idealistic, counter-culture gathering mecca during the short summer months. Benefit concerts and gatherings took place at the property in an effort to help raise the property taxes and mortgage payments.</p><br>
<h2>Legal issues leading to seizure of land by federal government</h2><br>
<p>As with much of society throughout the 1980s, demographics of park residents changed as well, with many of the earlier (i.e.: the older or long established first-generation) elders began moving away due to advancing age, declining health or personal reasons. Some newer residents were perhaps less back to the land oriented, creating at times problematic situations never envisioned by the land trust created in a vision of a free land with no rules hippy utopia.</p><br>
<p>Years of intensified government intelligence gathering coupled with a series of arrests conducted by state and federal law enforcement led to the seizure of the land by the federal government in October 1990. A pair of park residents purportedly sold ten ounces of park-grown marijuana to an undercover narcotics agent for $500. This event gave the federal government probable cause to seize the land, ultimately evicting everyone still living there, later destroying any structures on the property as well. After drug forfeiture proceedings filed in US District Court (Burlington Vt. 1990) pursuant to 21 USAC. Sec. 881(a)(7), the 592 acre was eventually conveyed to the State of Vermont for use as publicly owned state forest lands.</p><br>
<p>Originally destined for sale by the federal government, substantial unique natural resources were discovered allowing the land to escape sale under a provision in the forfeiture laws. After negotiations with the US Attorneys office state officials, including the office of then governor Howard Dean, the Vermont Land Trust, and other agencies, an agreement was signed to give the land to the state of Vermont. This respected the park founders original intention of public ownership of the land.</p><br>
<h2>Land turned over to State of Vermont, now Black Turn Brook State Forest</h2><br>
<p>On October 5, 1994, in a ceremony attended by then-Governor of Vermont Howard Dean, Wavy Gravy (Hugh Romney), Ben Cohen (of Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream), along with representatives of other groups, including early park resident Laura Kross (on behalf of Earth Peoples Park Inc.), title to the property was formally transferred to the state. Today, the former park remains open to recreational visitors for hunting, fishing, and undeveloped hike-in camping activities. It is now shown on area maps as Black Turn Brook State Forest, managed by the Vermont Dept. of Forests and Parks. Camping and other recreational activities are permitted under Vermonts primitive use camping rules, but vehicle access from the state highway is limited.</p><br>
<h2>Earth Peoples Park land in Del Norte County California</h2><br>
<p>During the mid-1970s, the non-profit trust Earth Peoples Park Inc. also purchased a remote 83 acre parcel of forest lands situated in Del Norte County, California. Located on Chrystal Mountain within Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, that 83 acre piece of property remains open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Jenney Stockade was a stage station on the Cheyenne-Deadwood route near Newcastle, Wyoming. It also served as a headquarters for a military expedition to the Black Hills to survey the area for minerals. The site was first occupied in 1857, when Lieutenant G.K. Warren and geologist Dr. F.V. Hayden set up a small base camp for their expedition. In 1875, the site was reoccupied by a party of 75 miners and geologist, accompanied by 432 soldiers, who built a log fort, named Camp Jenney after the chief geologist, Professor Walter P. Jenney.</p><br>
<p>From June 1877 the site became a stop on the Cheyenne-Deadwood stage line, and was renamed the Jenney Stockade. The stockade served as a base for cavalry escorts of Black Hills gold shipments to the south. In 1878 oil was discovered in the district. From 1877 the stockade and surrounding lands became the property of LAK Cattle Company. The stockade was used for a time by the LAK, but was eventually moved from the site to Newcastle to make way for newer buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Jenney Stockade Site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Thie site is described at a nearby roadside pullout east of Newcastle.</p><br>
<p>The Cambria Casino, also known as the Flying V Guest Ranch and the Cambria Casino Park-Memorial, is a resort on the western edge of the Black Hills in Weston County, Wyoming. The resort was named for Cambria, a nearby coal-mining community. The two story sandstone lodge, designed by New York architect Bruce Rabenold, employs English Tudor and other medieval details to create a Tudor manor-like setting in the Wyoming hills. The lodge fronts on a court, entered through a gatehouse and originally flanked by wings housing guest rooms. The property is significant as an example of a unique eclectically-style resort in eastern Wyoming. A portion of the casino was intended to serve as a memorial to Cambria-area miners.</p><br>
<p>The dance hall opened on January 12, 1929. Seventy-five guests could be accommodated in the main building and in six cottages. The cottages have since been removed. The resort featured a freshwater pool fed by Salt Creek and a saltwater pool fed from salt springs about 2 mi away.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a second floor ballroom with a timber-framed roof resembling a medieval hammer-beam truss. The timbers may have come from area mines. Beneath the ballroom were a dining room, auxiliary dining room, kitchen sitting room and six guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Cambria Casino was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Combellack-Blair House is a historic house in the Gold Rush town of Placerville, in El Dorado County, California, built in 1895. The landmark house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on February 14, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Combellack-Blair House, designed in the Queen Anne Style of the Late Victorian architecture era, was built by William Hill Combellack in 1895. One of the residences early owners operated Combellacks, a store on Main Street in Placerville. The Arthur Blair family purchased it in 1924. It served as a bed and breakfast for several years, but is now a private residence.</p><br>
<h3>Thomas Kinkade</h3><br>
<p>The home was featured in a Thomas Kinkade painting, Victorian Christmas. Kinkade, who grew up in Placerville, felt the house was the kind that "begged to be painted&quot he placed it in an idealized turn of the 20th century Christmas scene.</p><br>
<p>Stocking Island is a small, long, narrow island off the port of Georgetown, Great Exuma Island, Bahamas. The island features beaches and several resorts.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geography</h2><br>
<p>Stocking Island is lightly inhabited, with a population of only 10. It is located 1 mi from Government Dock, Georgetown, across the harbor. The long narrow island protects Georgetown from ocean waves, creating a natural harbor. There is one high hill, known locally as the Beacon, which is capped with an old, unused gas beacon. The glass top portion is missing, but the concrete pillar is visible for miles. The central part of Stocking Island features an inlet known as Hurricane Hole where sailboats anchor for protection during storms, and which features a blue hole. Opposite Hurricane Hole is a sandbar beach called the Spit where locals have built a popular bar/restaurant accessible only by boat known as Chat and Chill.</p><br>
<p>Nearby islands include Lilly Cay, Elizabeth Island, Guana Cay, and Fowl Cay.</p><br>
<p>Known by a variety of names over its 101-year existence, Rocky Glen Park was a park near Moosic, Pennsylvania, USA. Founded by Arthur Frothingham in 1886 as a picnic park, it was transformed into an amusement park by engineer and entrepreneur Frederick Ingersoll in 1905. The trolley park was a popular Pennsylvania attraction that featured rides, arcades, and restaurants - even as a "wild west" theme park in the 1970s - until its closure in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Land developer Arthur Frothingham purchased the site for $15 at a tax sale in 1885. The following year, Rocky Glenn was open to the public as a picnic park. About 1900, Frothingham contracted E. S. Williams to dam Dry Valley Run Creek to create a lake on the property; when Frothingham failed to pay Williams for the work, Williams sued and was awarded one-half interest in the park.</p><br>
<p>Soon afterward, Frothingham obtained a Pennsylvania state cemetery charter for the park after learning of plans of extending tracks of the Lehigh Valley Railroad over the grounds. To avoid losing the park via eminent domain, Frothingham interred two bodies (one of a man who died in a mining accident, one of a man who died in a train accident) in the proposed route of the track; the Lehigh Valley Railway purchased a parcel of the cemetery for $25,000 and agreed to build a Laurel Line station nearby.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, Frederick Ingersoll added amusement park rides and concessions, and the newly rechristened Rocky Glen Park became a local sensation. The following year saw the debut of Ingersoll&#39;s signature figure eight roller coaster as the Pittsburgh engineer started diverting his energies to his soon-to-open Luna Parks in Pittsburgh and Cleveland (his Luna Park in nearby Scranton was to open the following year). A rift between park owner Frothingham and park manager Ingersoll led to the parting of their ways in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Interest in the park waned in the 1910s, and Frothingham wished to sell his half of the property. After failed attempts to sell the park to MGM and Federal Feature Film Corporation of New York, Williams and Frothingham sold it to a trio of businessmen (John Nallin, Joe Jennings, and Ben Sterling) in 1919. After a tumultuous period in which the three partners disagreed about park management (at one point, Rocky Glen Park was divided in two by a fence), Sterling ultimately gained complete control in 1950 and renamed the park Sterlings Rocky Glen, the name he used for his half of the park when it was divided (eventually the name was shortened to Sterlings).</p><br>
<p>By 1945, Rocky Glen Parks popularity was on the upswing when Sterling added the Million Dollar Coaster, a 96-foot-tall, 4700-foot-long, out-and-back roller coaster that became the parks new signature attraction. Despite its name, the ride cost Sterling only $100,000 to build. Shoehorned between Glen Lake and the tracks of the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valley Railroad, it was one of the world&#39;s largest roller coasters at the time. It carried more than one million passengers in the first three years of its existence (it was dismantled in 1957).</p><br>
<p>The post-World War II increase in use of the automobile contributed to the gradual decline in the use of the railroad, and the few remaining trolley parks were slowly fading into the sunset. Sterling&#39;s/Rocky Glen was no exception (its plight exacerbated by the decline in the coal industry at the same time), and by 1970, Ben Sterling opted to sell the park to an Atlanta, Georgia-based entertainment company, National Recreation Service.</p><br>
<p>The new owners promptly converted the grounds into a theme park, renaming it Ghost Town in the Glen (later Ghost Town Amusement Park) and gave it a western theme. The rebranding was not successful: the park changed hands once again in 1979 and became New Rocky Glen. The lake became a venue for concerts starting in 1980. The park closed for the last time in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>After the closure</h2><br>
<p>In 1988, the parks 1902-vintage carousel was sold in auction for $220,000 as the parks facilities were being dismantled. Later, the local congregation of Hare Krishna attempted to purchase the Rocky Glen Park grounds so it could erect a walled "City of God" on the site. Seven hundred residents signed petitions protesting the proposed sale, which fell through as a result.</p><br>
<p>The Bates Battlefield was the scene of an 1874 action in which an Arapaho encampment was attacked by USA Army forces under Captain Alfred E. Bates. The battlefield is a narrow valley in Hot Springs County, Wyoming near the junction of the Big Horn Mountains and the Owl Creek Mountains. Variously called the Bates Battle, the Battle of Young&#39;s Point, the Battle of Snake Mountain and the Nowood Battle, the action was part of a campaign by forces under the command of Lieutenant General Philip Sheridan to protect the comparatively sedentary Shoshone under Chief Washakie from raids by their traditional enemies, the Northern Cheyenne, the Sioux and the Northern Arapaho.</p><br>
<p>In June 1874, "Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors decided to attack the Wind River Shoshones. As the invaders crossed the Big Horn Mountains, they had a disagreement about the purpose of their trip. Some claimed it was a raid for murder and the spoils of war; others said it was to steal horses. Because of the disagreement, the Arapahoes refused to participate."</p><br>
<p>Sheridan ordered Bates to raid the Arapaho camp, reported to comprise between 40 and 112 lodges. On July 1, 1874, Bates set forth leading Company B, 2nd Cavalry with 63 cavalrymen, 20 white and Shoshone scouts under Lieutenant R.H. Young, and a party of 167 Shoshone under Washakie.</p><br>
<p>Bates led thirty cavalrymen and twenty Shoshone against the encampment, occupied by Black Coals people, at daybreak on July 4. Lt. Young took his scouts around to the other end of the village. Fighting went well at first for Bates force, but the Arapaho moved to a nearby height and began to fire down onto Bates&#39; raiders. Bates withdrew from the village without recovering his own dead., suffering four killed and five or six wounded, while reporting 25 Arapaho killed and 100 wounded. Other reports indicate the Arapaho suffered as few as ten casualties. Bates captured 350 horses of the 1200 to 1400 head associated with the village. Bates blamed his lack of overall success on the noise made by the Shoshone. Accounts of the battle by different parties reveal wide discrepancies in perceptions of the motivation, progress, and outcome of the fight.</p><br>
<p>The Bates Battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Booth Mansion is a former town house at 28–34 Watergate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It contains a portion of the Chester Rows, is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is included in the English Heritage Archive. Its frontage was built in 1700 in Georgian style but much medieval material remains behind it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1700 George Booth rebuilt two medieval houses as his town house. He built a frontage in Georgian style, but behind this much of the medieval fabric was retained. The frontage was angled into the street so that the house could be seen better from Chester Cross; however as a result of this he was fined £10 for encroaching into the street. Subsequently, it has been used as an auction gallery and, as of 2010, houses a firm of solicitors. Reopened in October 2016 as a gallery, tearoom, deli, chocolatier, gifts and accessories. The top two floors of the building will be renovated and used as micro office space for artists studios and offices for startups, micro businesses operating in the creative industries.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>At a time when buildings elsewhere in the town had enclosed their portion of the Rows, the architect designing the frontage of Booth Mansion retained its section of the Row. The frontage is built in brick with stone quoins; it has eight bays and two storeys. Behind the frontage is medieval stonework and timber; the roof is of grey slates. At the street (undercroft) level are shop fronts and doorways between nine stone piers. At the Row level, overlooking the street, are three piers and six Tuscan columns. In the storey above the row are eight tall windows, each with four leaded lights, above which is a string course. The top storey has eight six-light sash windows. Above these is a cornice and, from the roof, four gabled dormers with two-pane casement windows protrude.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>In the undercroft is a medieval stone arcade and a wooden joist which has been dated by dendrochronology to 1260–80. At the level of the Row, a 13th-century oak doorway remains from the medieval hall. In the storey above the Row is the 18th-century assembly room which measures 16m by 10m and stretches across the full width of the building. The room is panelled and has a fireplace against the east wall. Elsewhere the medieval details of rooms has been obscured by modern additions.</p><br>
<p>The Dallas Hilton, also known as Hilton Hotel and today operating as the Dallas Hotel Indigo, is a historic structure located at the corner of Main Street and S. Harwood Street in downtown Dallas, Texas . The hotel is a contributing property in the Harwood Historic District and Main Street District. It is also located across the street from Main Street Garden Park.</p><br>
<h2>The Beginning</h2><br>
<p>The Hilton Hotel, built in 1925 for Conrad Hilton, was his first hotel to bear the "Hilton" name. Conrad Hilton operated one of the two earliest hotel chains in the state, and went on to become a world leading hotel operator, with an international chain of hotels and resorts.</p><br>
<p>Unlike his earlier hotels, which were bought and renovated but not built by Conrad Hilton himself, the new hotel in Dallas was designed by Hilton from the ground up to be a prominent high rise hotel.</p><br>
<p>For the building site Hilton chose the highest point in downtown Dallas. Hilton retained the prominent architectural firm of Lang and Witchell, one of the two most respected firms in Dallas, to design the new hotel. They designed the hotel as a 14-story, reinforced concrete and masonry structure in a simplified Sullivanesque style with symmetrical facades and Beaux Arts detailing. Its horseshoe plan is similar to that of the Magnolia Building and features two massive towers projecting toward Harwood Street which form an open court. The towers were tied together on the main (Harwood) facade with a frontispiece entrance and an elaborate bridge at the l0th level.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken on July 25, 1924 and the building was completed just over one year later for a total cost of $1,360,000—Hiltons second most costly Texas highrise. The hotel officially opened on Thursday, August 6, 1925. Hilton maximized all available space in the public areas of the hotel for an assortment of vending services. The presence of the druggist, mens shop, barber shop, valet service, beauty shop, coffee shop, tailor, cigar/news stand, telegraph office, dining room and others dovetailed with Hilton&#39;s emphasis on service while the rents those services paid supplemented the finances of the operation. Not wanting to tie up capital in land ownership, Hilton introduced the idea of a 99-year land lease with the Dallas Hilton. The concept was well known in the East in 1925, but it was new to Texas commerce circles.</p><br>
<p>Hilton&#39;s private offices were also located on the mezzanine level as were seven sample rooms with Murphy wall beds. The 325 guest rooms were typically small and were painted in colors of pearl gray and cream. The rooms and corridors were carpeted. Most had full baths, and the rest had half baths. Seventy-five percent of the rooms had south or east exposure for maximum ventilation; no rooms were located on the west.</p><br>
<p>The competition of the luxurious Adolphus and Baker Hotels located just blocks away compelled Hilton to formulate a marketing strategy for attracting a new clientele — "The Average Man" — to whom a moderately priced, modern hotel of handsome design would appeal in a city where there were few alternatives.</p><br>
<h2>Changes</h2><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, Hilton lost four hotels and saved five, one of which was the Dallas Hilton. In 1938, he relinquished the operating lease of the Dallas Hilton after his move to California. George Loudermilk, the owner, contracted with another well known hotel operator in Texas, A. C. "Jack" White, in July 1938 to run the hotel. White changed the name of the hotel to the White Plaza. He also undertook improvements totaling $150,000, including improvements to the air conditioning system. The 325 rooms were converted to 234, all with private baths. Loudermilk resided at the hotel until his death in 1953.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the building was sold to Earlee Hotels, but the hotel continued to bear the name White Plaza until 1974. During these years the hotel began to deteriorate and decline in popularity.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, Opal Sebastian, real estate investor, purchased the building and changed the name to the Plaza. All floors above the fourth level had been closed for an unknown period of time, and all rooms were in poor condition. Sebastian reopened the floors one at a time as they were rehabilitated.</p><br>
<p>On February 15, 1985, the hotel was sold again to the Dallas Plaza Partners of California, made up of Hotel Equity Management and Blackmond, Garlock and Flynn real estate merchant banker of San Francisco. The Dallas Plaza Partners contracted with Corgan Architects Associates to restore the hotel and Jerry O&#39;Hara to renovate the interior, which took ten months. In December 1985, The Dallas Plaza Hotel opened its doors. It was later renamed The Aristocrat Hotel of Dallas and managed by Holiday Inn.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Dallas Landmark in 1985. It was also designated as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, InterContinental Hotels Group, the parent company of Holiday Inn, converted the hotel to the Hotel Indigo Dallas Downtown. The property&#39;s interior underwent a $5 million renovation that introduced hardwood floors, spa-like guest bathrooms, a business center and an upgraded fitness area. Today the hotel contains 3,000 ft&sup2; of meeting space and 169 rooms.</p><br>
